Table 3.

Reported associations between socio-economic factors and non-adherence in quantitative research.

Reference	Number and age of participants	Reported association between socio-economic risk factors and non-adherence	Risk of bias
Behera 2021	384 children with a median age of 3 months	Drop-out: male sex (p = >0.005), child was born at home instead of a hospital (p = >0.005), distance to the clinic >50 km (p = >0.005)	Selection bias: all children enrolled at the clinic within the selected timeframe were included in the study Information bias: not reported Data interpretation bias: not reported
Limpaphayom 2019	34 children with clubfoot between 0 and 58 weeks of age	relapse: female sex (p = 0.61), living outside of the capital metropolitan area (p = 0.23), not living with biological parents (p = 0.53)	Selection bias: not reported Information bias: Adequately addressed. Sample only includes children operated and treated by the main researcher Data interpretation bias: only crude odds ratio and confidence intervals reported
Mootha 2011	86 children with clubfoot between 0 and 1 years of age	relapse: living below the poverty line (p = 0.00)	Selection bias: not reported Information bias: not reported Data interpretation bias: not reported
Muzzammil 2020	153 children with clubfoot between 0 and 3 years of age	non-compliance during bracing: malnutrition 18.19% vs no malnutrition 5.36% relapse: malnutrition 16.02% vs no malnutrition 10.22%	Selection bias: Representative sample based on background and social class of parents Information bias: data assessor not reported Data interpretation bias: not reported
Qudsi 2019	168 children with clubfoot between 0 and 4.4 years of age	Relapse: female sex RR 1.54 (p = 0.04), child is the first-born child RR 1.02, child is a native of the capital metropolitan area RR 1.27, child was born at home instead of a hospital RR 1.14	Selection bias: inclusion of all children with foot abnormalities to avoid accidental exclusion based on wrong classification of patient file. Representative sample of clubfoot population of the larger population around the capital Information bias: usage of standardized International Clubfoot Registry forms for data collection Data interpretation bias: usage of adjusted relative risk ratios and confidence interval to adjust for confounding