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. 2022 May 10;18:157–171. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.04.013

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© 2022 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 6 — The dynamics of DWV-A and DWV-B from an epidemiological model in which viral genotypes interact antagonistically when co-infecting a host honey bee colony. Parameter values for the genotype-specific intrinsic rate of transmissionμ, virulence ν, and interaction (m) are given in the top left of each plot. See Fig. 5c for the key to coding of lines. (a) transmission rate of DWV-B > DWV-A, virulence of all colony states is equal, DWV-A inhibits DWV-B; (b) transmission rate of DWV-B > DWV-A, virulence of all colony states is equal, DWV-B inhibits DWV-A; (c) transmission rate of DWV-B > DWV-A, virulence of all colony states is equal, DWV-A and DWV-B mutually inhibit each other; (d) transmission rate of DWV-B > DWV-A, virulence of colony states B and M is doubled, DWV-A and DWV-B mutually inhibit each other. The unit of Time (abscissa) is in model iterations; one Time unit may represent three or more months to a year.