Table 3.

First records of DWV-B from a country or region in the literature; see Supplementary Table S3 for additional details.

Year of collection	Country	Region	Host	n	DWV-A prevalence	DWV-B prevalence	Citation
2001	Netherlands	Europe	Varroa destructor	1 pool mites	present	present	Ongus et al. (2004)
2004	South Africa	Africa	Apis mellifera	1 colony	present	present	de Souza et al. (2021)
2006	England	Europe	Apis mellifera	14 colonies	100%	57%	Kevill et al. (2017)
2008	Israel	Asia	Apis mellifera	3 colonies	100%	100%	Zioni et al. (2011)
2007–2009	France	Europe	Apis mellifera	30 queens	100%	67%	Gauthier et al. (2011)
2009	Germany	Europe	Apis mellifera	15 bees	67%	73%	Wilfert et al. (2016)
2009	Romania	Europe	Apis mellifera	5 bees/mites	80%	40%	Wilfert et al. (2016)
2009–2010	Sweden	Europe	Apis mellifera	7 NGS libs.a	high	low	Thaduri et al. (2018)
2010	Turkey	Asia	Apis mellifera	6 sites	100%	100%	Tozkar et al. (2015)
2010	USA	N. America	Apis mellifera	75 colonies	100%	3%	Ryabov et al. (2017)
2011	Tunisia	Africa	Apis mellifera	56 colonies	27%	7%	Abdi et al. (2018)
2011	UK	Europe	Bombus spp.	490 workers	3%	8%	Fürst et al., 2014
2011–2012	Luxemburg	Europe	Apis mellifera	20 colonies	90%	100%	Clermont et al. (2015)
2012	Belgium	Europe	Apis mellifera	1 colony	absent	present	Benaets et al. (2017)
2012–2013	USA (Hawaii)	Pacific	Apis mellifera	4 NGS libs.a	100%	100%	Mordecai et al. (2016)
2012–2013	Kenya	Africa	Apis mellifera	16 NGS libs.a	45%	55%	Onyango et al. (2016)
2014	Georgia	Asia	Apis mellifera	40 bees	>29%	<29%	Radzevičiūtė et al. (2017)
2014	Austria	Europe	Apis mellifera	4 colonies	0%	100%	Tritschler et al. (2017)
2014	Yemen	Asia	Apis mellifera	16 sites	38%	6%	Haddad et al. (2018)
2014	New Zealand	Pacific	Apis mellifera	8 NGS libs.a	present	present	Mondet et al. (2015)
2015	Philippines	Asia	Apis mellifera	2 colonies	100%	100%	de Guzman et al. (2020)
2015	Spain	Europe	Apis mellifera	10 colonies	90%	90%	Barroso-Arévalo et al., 2019
2015	Brazil	S. America	Apis mellifera	27 colonies	100%	11%	de Souza et al. (2019)
2015	Chile	S. America	Apis mellifera	612 colonies	71%	3%	Riveros et al. (2020)
2015	China	Asia	Apis mellifera	117 colonies	46%	2%	Diao et al. (2019)
2016	UK	Europe	Eristalis arbustorum	20 E. a. flies	0%	5%	Bailes et al. (2018)
2016	Argentina	S. America	Apis mellifera	45 apiaries	91%	47%	Brasesco et al. (2021)
2017	Ethiopia	Africa	Apis mellifera	20 colonies	0%	100%	Gebremedhn et al. (2020)
2017–2018	Egypt	Africa	Apis mellifera	14 sites	present	present	Abd-El-Samie et al. (2021)
2019	Czech Republic	Europe	Apis mellifera	250 colonies	58%	26%	Mráz et al. (2021)
2020	Italy	Europe	Apis mellifera	171 colonies	51%	18%	Bordin et al. (2022)

Thaduri et al. (2018) and post 2010 records for Apis mellifera from Europe have not been added to Fig. 2.

First records in Bombus spp. and the hover fly Eristalis arbustorum have also not been added to Fig. 2.

^aNGS libs., next generation libraries.