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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2022 Feb 9;162(6):1602–1616.e6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.288

Figure 3. IBD Therapies and regulation of PRRs, cytokines, and barrier function.

Figure 3.

Various current (red boxes) and investigational (blue boxes) therapies in IBD patients that target cytokine pathways can also impact epithelial function, in some cases with unintended effects. PRR-initiated signaling leads to cytokine secretion and cytokines, in turn, cooperate with PRR pathways, ultimately affecting a wide range of intestinal cell subsets. To successfully achieve mucosal healing and remission, a multipronged approach aimed at strategically reducing inflammatory cytokine networks while simultaneously improving epithelial barrier function and maintaining beneficial PRR-mediated outcomes is necessary.