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. 2022 May 17;19:37. doi: 10.1186/s12989-022-00470-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — TOF–SIMS analysis of changes in compound composition of the cell membrane of Caco-2 (A) and HepaRG (B) cells after treatment with TiO₂ nanoparticles at a concentration of 3.13 µg/cm² for 1 week, 2 weeks and for 1 week with a 1-week recovery period. The diagram shows the values of the discriminant scores obtained from Fisher's discriminant analysis of 24 Caco-2 and HepaRG cell samples. The performance of the discriminant model was verified by applying the cross-validation procedure based on the “leave-one-out” cross-validation formalism (100%)