Table 6.

Characteristics of the Intervention Studies in the Non-Medication Category: Physiology Outcome Domain.

Source	n	Intervention Duration	Age Range (M ± SD)	ADHD Diagnosis	PA Measures/Days Monitored	Outcome Measures	Medication Effect	I&C	Key Results
Tantillo, Kesick, Hynd, & Dishman, 2002	43 (M = 21, F = 22)	3 days	8–12 ADHD (M = 9.8 ± 1.6, F = 10.2 ± 1.8) Control (M = 10.3 ± 1.6, F = 9.7 ± 1.6)	Yes	A daily physical activity record	Brain dopaminergic activity	No	I: ADHD C: No ADHD	Sig. diagnosis × Sex × Time × Linear trend for spontaneous eye blinks and ASERAMP Sig. diagnosis × Sex × Time × Quadratic trend for aserLAT
Verret, Guay, Berthiaume, Gardiner, & Beliveau, 2012 a	21 (M = 19, F = 2)	10 weeks; 3 times per week for 45 min/session	7–12 (9.1 ± l.l)	Yes	Fitness motor tests	1. BMI 2. Resting and maximal HR 3. Flexibility 4. AC	No	I: PA training program C: No PA training	No sig. differences in BMI, resting and maximal HR, flexibility, and AC between groups
Wigal et al. (2003)	18 (M = 18)	Two sessions on different days within a week	ADHD 7–10 (8.4 ± 0.4) Control 7–1 1 (8.6 ± 0.1)	Yes		Peak and end-exercise HR Peak VO2 Catecholamine response Lactate	No	I: ADHD; newly diagnosed untreated participants C: Healthy age-matched controls	Sig. increased lactate during exercise in both groups Sig. increased NE during exercise in a control group Sig. increased EPI during exercise in both groups; a control group has sig. higher EPI at peak exercise

Note. I = intervention; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; PA = physical activity; C = control; M = male; F = female; Sig. = significant; ASER_AMP = acoustic startle eye blink response amplitude; ASER_LAT = acoustic startle eye blink response latency; BMI = body mass index; HR = heart rate; AC = aerobic capacity; V0₂ = oxygen consumption; NE = norepinephrine; EPI = epinephrine.

^a.Indicates study covered more than one domain and results of other domain are listed in their respective tables.