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. 2022 May 17;26(9):5751–5762. doi: 10.1007/s00784-022-04532-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Representative images (a), histogram (b), and quantifications (c–f) of aerosol and droplet spread at 1.2 m away from the source. a The application of HVS significantly reduced the aerosol and droplet particles that were retained on the filter paper fiber at 1.2 m away from the source. Yellow arrows indicate fluorescein-stained particles on filter paper fibers. b The histogram of aerosol and droplets particles (ranging from 0.7 to 100 μm) was detected at 1.2 m away from the source. The median size of aerosol/droplets was smaller than 3 μm and the use of HVS reduced aerosol/droplet particles for all three dental AGPs. c–d HVS significantly reduced the number of mixed aerosols/droplets by counts per image (c) or as a percentage of the total area (d) of each filter paper. e, f When the data were separated into aerosols (e; ≤ 5 μm) and droplets (f; > 5 μm), the HVS significantly decreased the aerosol (e), and droplets (f) particles for ultrasonic scaler and air polisher. Data in c–f are displayed as mean values ± SD. **p < 0.0002; ***p < 0.0002 between with and without HVS