Table 2.
Iodine status and dietary iodine sources in toddlers worldwide
| Study site | Age, mo | UIC, µg/L | Tg (µg/L) | Iodized salta | Salt iodine concentration, mg/kg | Breastfed, % | BMIC, µg/L | Main dietary iodine sources | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | No. | Value | No. | ||||||||
| Amizmiz, Morocco | 6-24 | 48 (31-79)b | 220 | 62.0 (43.0-84.2)c | 228 | Not widely available | NA | 98 | 26 (18-43) (112) | Breast milk | (121) |
| Soma, Gambia | 6-24 | 98 (61-178) | 93 | 52.3 (41.6-71.7)c | 92 | Not widely available | NA | 100 | 39 (30, 57) (359) | Breast milk | (121) |
| National, Switzerland | 6-12 | 98 (54-160) | 507 | NA | NA | Voluntary (20 mg/kg) | 19.8 (15.1-33.0) | 6/12 mo 57/18 | 49 (35-67) | Breast milk, infant formula | (203) |
| National, Norway | 18 | 129 (81-190) | 416 | NA | NA | Not widely available | NA | 10 | 68 (45-98) (247) | Cow’s milk, dairy products and infant formula | (360) |
| Dipolog City, Philippines | 6-24 | 152 (92-266) | 105 | 30.6 (19.3-41.6)c | 53 | Mandatory, but not widely available at study site (30-70 mg/kg) | NA | NA | NA | Breast milk, infant formula | (121) |
| Linfen, China | 7-24 | 205 (182-235) | 368 | 26.3 (12.3-44.4)c | 173 | Mandatory (25 mg/kg) | 25.2 (23.3-28.0) | 39 | 176 (116, 251) | Breast milk, infant formula, salt added to complementary foods | (314) |
| Henan Province, China | < 24 | 218 | 13 598 | NA | NA | Mandatory (30 mg/kg) | NA | NA | NA | Breast milk, infant formula, complementary foods | (210) |
| Zagreb, Croatia | 7-24 | 249 (169-329) | 46 | 24.9 (10.4-37.6)c | 40 | Mandatory (25 mg/kg) | 23.8 (22.1-26.0) | 74 | 125 (91-184) | Breast milk, infant formula, salt added to complementary foods | (314) |
| Dandé Health District, Burkina Faso | 9-18 | 222 310d | 22 380 | 27.2-33.2 26.1e | 237 83 | Mandatory (30 mg/kg) | 37 (5-86)f | 100 | NA | Breast milk, some salt added to complementary foods (18 mo) | (361) |
| Tuguegarao, Philippines | 7-24 | 353 (330-397) | 376 | NA | NA | Mandatory (30-70 mg/kg) | 26.0 (14.6-36.6) | 65 | 189 (137-260) | Breast milk, infant formula, salt added to complementary foods | (314) |
| Eastern Nepal, Nepal | 6-24 | 407 (312-491) | 630 | 21.7 (20.4-22.9)g,h | 563 | Mandatory (50 mg/kg) | 89 (70-149) | Majority | NA | Breast milk, salt added to complementary foods, fortified complementary food products | (165) |
| Saharawi refugee camps, Algeria | 31i | 458 (275-1026) | 289 | 38.4 (10.7-158.0)j,k | 289 | NA | NA | 13 | 479 (330-702) | Breast milk, drinking water | (166) |
| Kinondoni, Tanzania | 6-24 | 528 (255-952) | 240 | 52.2 (35.7-77.4)c | 236 | Mandatory (20-80 mg/kg) | 44 (35-53) | 99 | NA | Breast milk, salt added to complementary foods, drinking water | (167) |
| Kibwezi, Kenya | 6-24 | 602 (348-1205) | 250 | 56.1 (43.4-74.5)c | 312 | Mandatory (30-50 mg/kg) | 43 (32-54) | 99 | 240 (173-347) | Breast milk, salt added to complementary foods, drinking water | (167) |
Abbreviations: BMIC, breast milk iodine concentration; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available; UIC, urinary iodine concentration.
a Legislation and level of fortification at the time of cited studies.
b Median (IQR, all such values).
c Dried blood spot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (324).
d Geometric mean.
e Plasma, Immulite 1000 Immunoassay system (Siemens).
f Mean (range).
g Geometric mean (CI).
h Immunoassay (Diametra).
i Median age (IQR, 25-35 months).
j Median (range).
k Serum, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay module E170 (Roche Diagnostics).