Table 1:

Summary of Lymphatic models

Model	Cells/Ligands Used	Biomaterials Used	Result	Ref.
Co-Culturing	LECs & Fibroblasts	Fibroblasts	Generation of lymphatic vessels without the introduction of exogenous factors	[45]
	Tumor Cells, LECs, & CCR7	Collagen	Chemokine secretion directs tumor cells with flow	[44]
	T Cells & LECs	N/A	T cell proliferation and tolerogenic properties expressed by LN-LECs	[41]
	Fibroblasts & DCs	N/A	Allowed for DCs to migrate into the lymphatic system	[42]
	BECs, LECs, and ASCs	Fibrin	The BECs and LECs formed distinct, sustainable vessel networks	[49]
Microfluidics	LECs	PDMS and Polyethylene	Caused lymphatic capillary morphogenesis	[55]
	HMVEC	PDMS and Fibrinogen	Mechanical cues play a vital role in lymphangiogenesis	[57]
	LECs & BECs	Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), PDMS, and Fibronectin	Established a model to assess permeability and lymphatic return rate	[64]
	LECs	PDMS and Fibronectin	Cells grown in flow can produce more physiologically relevant levels of IL-8 and TNF-α and have higher rates of LEC proliferation compared to cells in static conditions	[58]
	LECs	Fibronectin	Oscillatory shear stress in conjunction with FOXC2 can maintain LEC quiescence and stabilize collecting vessels	[59]
	T Cells	Anti-CD3 mAbs	The homing receptor CXCR3 is expressed on different subsets of T cells and is involved in their recruitment to peripheral inflammation sites	[62]
	Monocytes	PDMS	Developed a model to measure cytokine secretion	[63]
	T Cells, CCL21, & CCL19	PDMS	CCL19 and CCL21 work together to cause T cell migration	[60]
	DCs, CCL21, & CCL19	Agarose	CCL21 is preferred over CCL19 for DCs chemotaxis	[61]
	LECs & Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells	Collagen Type I	ECM is an important factor in the tumor microenvironment that can affect the lymphatic vessel functionality.	[65]
	Monocytes	PDMS, ICAM, and VCAM	Alterations to flow profiles, presentation of adhesive ligands, and monocytic cells contribute to cell adhesion relevant to LN invasion prevalent to lymphatic metastasis.	[66]
Animal	K14-VEGFR3-Ig mice	Soluble VEGFR-3	Dermal lymphatics are absent in these transgenic mice which results in impaired drug uptake and cell trafficking.	[69]
	OT-1 RAG-1−/− and BrafV600E/Pten−/− mice	Anti-VEGFR3 antibody, CpG-B peptide, and Trp-2-peptide conjugated NPs	VEGF-C signaling enhanced the response to immunotherapy in melanoma model	[68]
	Yucatan minipigs	BioBridge, aligned collagen fibers	Increased lymphatic vessel density near site of implant, improved bioimpedance ratio suggesting restoration of lymphatic drainage	[36]