FIGURE 5.

Immunostaining for putative TIC-induced reactive astrocyte surface markers in human post-mortem brain. (A) Non-symptomatic (left) and Alzheimer’s disease (right) cortical sections were stained for BST2, HLA-E, PD-L1, and PDPN (all in green), and co-stained for the canonical astrocyte marker GFAP (magenta), and nuclear stain DAPI (blue). Yellow arrowheads mark astrocytes positive for GFAP (in NS brains) and/or specific cell surface reactive astrocyte marker (in Alzheimer’s brain samples). White arrowheads mark absence of reactivity markers in non-symptomatic brain. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Quantification of BST2, HLA-E, PD-L1, and PDPN in human tissues. Plots show the individual points from each ROI (unfilled shapes), with means shown as filled shapes. Data are shown as percentage of double positive (Marker⁺/GFAP⁺) cells over GFAP⁺ astrocytes. *, p-value < 0.05; **, p-value < 0.01.