Table 3.
Characteristics of population with bone marrow activation according to the presence or absence of vascular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake
| BM activation without vascular uptake | BM activation and vascular uptake | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 147) | (n = 223) | ||
| Age, years | 49.4 (45.4–52.9) | 51.2 (48.0–54.1) | <0.001 |
| Men | 123 (83.7) | 201 (90.1) | 0.065 |
| Metabolic syndrome and its components | |||
| Metabolic syndrome | 22 (15.0) | 60 (26.9) | 0.007 |
| Central obesity | 43 (29.3) | 108 (48.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 92 (68–128) | 112 (86–147) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 46.7 ± 11.7 | 43.1 ± 9.8 | 0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 92 (85–98) | 94 (88–101) | 0.013 |
| SBP, mmHg | 120.4 ± 11.4 | 123.6 ± 13.2 | 0.018 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.6 ± 8.7 | 77.8 ± 9.9 | 0.029 |
| Other cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| Family history of CV disease | 29 (19.7) | 52 (23.3) | 0.414 |
| Current smoking | 23 (16.2) | 63 (28.6) | 0.007 |
| Hypertension | 31 (21.1) | 56 (25.1) | 0.372 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 85 (57.8) | 152 (68.2) | 0.043 |
| Diabetes | 6 (4.1) | 15 (6.7) | 0.282 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 3.3 | 29.5 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 84.1 ± 12.3 | 89.5 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 95.4 ± 9.3 | 100.8 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Treatment | |||
| Antihypertensive therapy | 22 (15.0) | 38 (17.0) | 0.596 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 25 (17.0) | 38 (17.0) | 0.993 |
| Antidiabetic therapy | 6 (4.1) | 11 (4.9) | 0.702 |
| Biochemistry | |||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 204.5 ± 31.3 | 211.9 ± 36.5 | 0.045 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 137.1 ± 27.1 | 143.0 ± 33.7 | 0.077 |
| HOMA-IR, % | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 1.9 (1.2–2.9) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.4 (5.2–5.7) | 5.5 (5.3–5.8) | 0.042 |
| Insulin, µU/mL | 5.8 (4.3–8.0) | 7.6 (5.4–11.5) | <0.001 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.11 (0.05–0.18) | 0.15 (0.08–0.29) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin, ng/mLa | 131.38 (61.13–207.27) | 151.23 (81.63–224.11) | 0.390 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (1 h), mm | 5 (4–7) | 6 (4–8) | 0.084 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 264.4 (237.3–291.5) | 273.1 (240.9–302.8) | 0.178 |
| P-selectin, ng/mL | 139.9 (111.0–177.0) | 139.3 (107.7–177.2) | 0.981 |
| Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ng/mL | 645.2 (512.4–861.2) | 712.4 (557.1–838.8) | 0.379 |
| Blood count | |||
| Leucocytes, 103 cells/µL | 5.83 (4.99–6.89) | 6.22 (5.23–7.33) | 0.023 |
| Leucocytosis (>10.5 × 103 cells/µL) | 2 (1.4) | 7 (3.1) | 0.277 |
| Red blood cell count, 106 cells/µL | 4.86 (4.59–5.05) | 4.91 (4.68–5.18) | 0.038 |
| Red cell distribution width, % | 14.6 (14.0–15.2) | 14.7 (14.0–15.3) | 0.130 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 15.0 (14.4–15.6) | 15.1 (14.5–15.9) | 0.107 |
| Haematocrit, % | 44.3 (41.6–46.1) | 44.7 (42.9–46.7) | 0.047 |
| Platelet count, 103 cells/µL | 228 (194–259) | 221 (193–258) | 0.452 |
| Segmented neutrophils,103 cell/µL | 3.30 (2.69–4.17) | 3.45 (2.86–4.50) | 0.072 |
| Lymphocytes,103 cells/µL | 1.83 (1.55–2.13) | 1.92 (1.58–2.29) | 0.097 |
| Monocytes, (103 cells/µL | 0.40 (0.32–0.49) | 0.43 (0.36–0.54) | 0.007 |
| Eosinophils,103 cells/µL | 0.12 (0.08–0.19) | 0.14 (0.08–0.23) | 0.326 |
| Basophils,103 cells/µL | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) | 0.05 (0.03–0.07) | 0.085 |
| Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio | 1.79 (1.42–2.36) | 1.85 (1.48–2.38) | 0.498 |
| SCORE risk score | |||
| Low (<1%) | 100 (71.9) | 114 (54.0) | 0.001 |
| Intermediate (1−5%) | 39 (28.1) | 95 (45.0) | 0.001 |
| High (>5%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.0) | 0.250 |
| ASCVD risk score | |||
| Low | 83 (72.8) | 79 (46.2) | <0.001 |
| Intermediate | 15 (13.2) | 44 (25.7) | 0.010 |
| High | 16 (14.0) | 48 (28.1) | 0.005 |
| Plaques by magnetic resonance | |||
| Plaque presence | 122 (83.0) | 212 (95.1) | <0.001 |
| Number of plaques | 2 (1–4) | 4 (2–5) | <0.001 |
| Global plaque burden, mm3 | 284.5 (125.2–519.5) | 448.4 (229.4–819.0) | <0.001 |
| Plaques by 2D vascular ultrasound | |||
| Plaque presence | 117 (81.2) | 203 (94.4) | <0.001 |
| Number of plaques | 2 (1–4.5) | 4 (2–7) | <0.001 |
| Plaques by 3D vascular ultrasound | |||
| Plaque presence | 90 (67.2) | 180 (87.4) | <0.001 |
| Global plaque burden, mm3 | 30.3 (0–128.6) | 100.8 (37.8–214.4) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (Q1–Q3).
a
Measured in 622 of 745 individuals.