Table 2.

Types of violations documented in studies, by decade

	Number of studies examining this aspect
	1981–1989 (N = 2)	1990–1999 (N = 12)	2000–2009 (N = 26)	2010–Aug 2021 (N = 113)	Total 1981–Aug 2021 (N = 153)
Types of violations
Provision of information and education (Art. 4)
Public	1	7	7	44	59
Health workers	0	5	6	21	32
Promotion to general public and mothers (Art. 5)
Shops	0	5	8	56	69
Advertisement and promotion on other platforms	1	8	16	71	96
Free sample and gifts	1	11	10	55	77
Contact with women (Art. 8)	1	3	7	38	49
Marketing activities in health care settings and through health workers (Art. 6 and 7)
Health care systems	2	8	13	41	64
Health workers	0	11	12	44	67
Free or low‐cost supplies	0	6	8	20	34
Conflicts of interest (Res. 49.15 and 58.32)	1	3	5	12	21
Violations in labelling and packaging (Art. 9 and 10)
Labelling	0	6	12	68	86
Nutrition and health claims (Res. 58.32 and 63.23)	0	5	7	54	66
Inappropriate marketing concerning CF (Res. 69.9)
Inappropriate messaging and conflicts of interest in health systems	0	5	4	28	37
Cross‐promoting products
Cross‐promotion across BMS and with CF (Res. 69.9)	0	5	6	43	54

Abbreviations: BMS, breastmilk substitutes; CF, complementary foods.