Table 1.
Clinical-epidemiological comparison of self-medication before admission in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a hospital in northern Peru
| Characteristics | Self-medicated | Not self-medicated | Total | χ2 | df | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Total | 165 (54.8) | 136 (45.2) | 301 (100) | |||
| Age group (years) | 10.97 | 2 | 0.004 | |||
| Young (18-29) | 3 (21.4) | 11 (78.6) | 14 (4.7) | |||
| Middle-aged (30-59) | 81 (63.3) | 47 (36.7) | 128 (42.5) | |||
| Older (>60) | 81 (51.0) | 78 (49.0) | 159 (52.8) | |||
| BMI group (kg/m2) | 9.24 | 2 | 0.01 | |||
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 36 (45.6) | 43 (54.4) | 79 (26.3) | |||
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 50 (49.5) | 51 (50.5) | 101 (33.5) | |||
| Obesity (≥30) | 79 (65.3) | 42 (34.7) | 121 (40.2) | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 123 (61.8) | 76 (38.2) | 199 (66.1) | 11.59 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Female | 42 (41.2) | 60 (58.8) | 102 (33.9) | |||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Diabetes (Yes) | 35 (50.0) | 35 (50.0) | 70 (23.3) | 0.85 | 1 | 0.355 |
| Hypertension (Yes) | 61 (51.7) | 57 (48.3) | 118 (39.2) | 0.76 | 1 | 0.382 |
| Dyslipidemia (Yes) | 81 (66.4) | 41 (33.6) | 122 (40.5) | 11.1 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Cardiopathy (Yes) | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 12 (4.0) | 0.89 | 1 | 0.343 |
| Smoking (Yes) | 18 (90.0) | 2 (10.0) | 20 (6.6) | 10.71 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (Yes) | 7 (35.0) | 13 (65.0) | 20 (6.6) | 3.39 | 1 | 0.065 |
| Hepatic steatosis (Yes) | 111 (61.7) | 69 (38.3) | 180 (59.8) | 8.48 | 1 | 0.004 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Fever (Yes) | 134 (61.5) | 84 (38.5) | 218 (72.4) | 14.12 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Odynophagia (Yes) | 23 (63.9) | 13 (36.1) | 122 (40.5) | 1.36 | 1 | 0.244 |
| Cough (Yes) | 151 (59.2) | 104 (40.8) | 255 (84.7) | 13.03 | 1 | <0.001 |
| Headache (Yes) | 55 (63.2) | 32 (36.8) | 87 (28.9) | 3.49 | 1 | 0.062 |
| Anosmia (Yes) | 64 (66.7) | 32 (33.3) | 96 (31.9) | 7.99 | 1 | 0.005 |
| Dyspnea (Yes) | 155 (57.2) | 116 (42.8) | 271 (90.0) | 6.21 | 1 | 0.013 |
| Dysgeusia (Yes) | 59 (64.1) | 33 (35.9) | 92 (30.7) | 4.64 | 1 | 0.031 |
| Nausea/vomiting (Yes) | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | 23 (9.0) | 4.39 | 1 | 0.036 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux (Yes) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 12 (4.7) | 4.61 | 1 | 0.032 |
| Dysphagia (Yes) | 17 (60.7) | 11 (39.3) | 28 (10.9) | 0.72 | 1 | 0.394 |
| Abdominal pain (Yes) | 11 (68.7) | 5 (31.3) | 16 (6.3) | 1.67 | 1 | 0.196 |
| Diarrhea (Yes) | 38 (61.3) | 24 (38.7) | 74 (24.6) | 2.19 | 1 | 0.139 |
*
p-values calculated with Chi-square test of independence.