Table 2.
Association of clinical-epidemiological characteristics with self-medication before admission in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in a hospital in northern Peru
| Characteristics | Crude model | Nested model‡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR | 95%CI | p* | PR | 95%CI | p* | |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| Young (18-29) | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Middle-aged (30-59) | 2.95 | 1.07-8.14 | 0.036 | 2.53 | 1.09-5.93 | 0.032 |
| Older (>60) | 2.38 | 0.86-6.57 | 0.095 | 2.08 | 0.89-4.85 | 0.088 |
| BMI group (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | Ref | |||||
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 1.09 | 0.80-1.48 | 0.603 | |||
| Obesity (≥30) | 1.43 | 1.09-1.88 | 0.01 | |||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.51 | 1.16-1.94 | 0.002 | 1.48 | 1.12-1.95 | 0.006 |
| Female | Ref | |||||
| Comorbidity† | ||||||
| Diabetes (Yes) | 0.89 | 0.68-1.15 | 0.374 | |||
| Hypertension (Yes) | 0.91 | 0.73-1.13 | 0.389 | |||
| Dyslipidemia (Yes) | 1.42 | 1.16-1.73 | 0.001 | 1.28 | 1.03-1.60 | 0.029 |
| Cardiopathy (Yes) | 0.75 | 0.38-1.48 | 0.406 | |||
| Smoking (Yes) | 1.72 | 1.43-2.07 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.20-2.00 | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (Yes) | 0.62 | 0.34-1.14 | 0.126 | |||
| Hepatic steatosis (Yes) | 1.38 | 1.10-1.74 | 0.006 | |||
| Symptoms† | ||||||
| Fever (Yes) | 1.65 | 1.22-2.22 | 0.001 | |||
| Odynophagia (Yes) | 1.19 | 0.97-1.46 | 0.089 | |||
| Cough (Yes) | 1.95 | 1.24-3.05 | 0.004 | |||
| Headache (Yes) | 1.23 | 1.01-1.51 | 0.05 | |||
| Anosmia (Yes) | 1.35 | 1.11-1.65 | 0.003 | 1.27 | 1.03-1.56 | 0.027 |
| Dyspnea (Yes) | 1.72 | 1.03-2.88 | 0.041 | |||
| Dysgeusia (Yes) | 1.26 | 1.03-1.55 | 0.024 | |||
| Nausea/vomiting (Yes) | 1.45 | 1.10-1.90 | 0.008 | 1.48 | 1.12-1.95 | 0.005 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux (Yes) | 1.61 | 1.22-2.14 | 0.001 | |||
| Dysphagia (Yes) | 1.16 | 0.84-1.61 | 0.359 | |||
| Abdominal pain (Yes) | 1.32 | 0.93-1.88 | 0.123 | |||
| Diarrhea (Yes) | 1.21 | 0.95-1.55 | 0.118 | |||
*
p-values obtained with Generalized Linear Models (GLM), Poisson family, log link function, and robust variance.
†
PRs of categories of interest (Yes) are shown.
‡
Hierarchical model using stepwise forward selection.
PR – prevalence ratio; 95%CI – 95% confidence interval.