Table 3.
The associations of maternal and perinatal factors with cord blood TRP-KYN metabolite concentrations and ratios
| Variable | TRPCB | KYNCB | KACB | HKCB | XACB | HAACB | QACB | KYNCB/TRPCB | HKCB/KYNCB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indian (n = 129) vs Chinese (n = 330) | −0.17 (−0.38, 0.04) P = 0.104 |
0.54 (0.35, 0.74) P < 0.001 |
0.51 (0.30, 0.71) P < 0.001 |
0.32 (0.11, 0.53) P = 0.003 |
0.40 (0.20, 0.60) P < 0.001 |
−0.09 (−0.29, 0.11) P = 0.376 |
0.23 (0.02, 0.43) P = 0.031 |
0.59 (0.39, 0.79) P < 0.001 |
0.09 (−0.13, 0.30) P = 0.427 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.174 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.013 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.417 | P = 0.077 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.854 |
| Malay (n = 194) vs Chinese (n = 330) | −0.16 (−0.35, 0.03) P = 0.099 |
0.08 (−0.10, 0.26) P = 0.377 |
0.07 (−0.11, 0.26) P = 0.433 |
0.22 (0.03, 0.40) P = 0.022 |
−0.12 (−0.30, 0.07) P = 0.206 |
0.25 (0.07, 0.43) P = 0.006 |
0.19 (0.00, 0.37) P = 0.045 |
0.15 (−0.03, 0.33) P = 0.107 |
0.24 (0.04, 0.43) P = 0.016 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.174 | P = 0.538 | P = 0.542 | P = 0.056 | P = 0.284 | P = 0.018 | P = 0.091 | P = 0.178 | P = 0.079 |
| Maternal age (n = 653) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) P = 0.006 |
0.02 (0.01, 0.03) P = 0.005 |
0.00 (−0.01, 0.02) P = 0.960 |
−0.01 (−0.02, 0.07) P = 0.386 |
0.01 (−0.00, 0.03) P = 0.131 |
0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) P = 0.204 |
0.01 (−0.00, 0.03) P = 0.122 |
0.00 (−0.01, 0.02) P = 0.811 |
−0.02 (−0.03, 0.00) P = 0.051 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.020 | P = 0.018 | P = 0.960 | P = 0.552 | P = 0.219 | P = 0.291 | P = 0.136 | P = 0.811 | P = 0.171 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (n = 653) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) P = 0.002 |
0.02 (−0.00, 0.03) P = 0.087 |
0.03 (0.02, 0.05) P < 0.001 |
0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) P = 0.323 |
0.03 (0.02, 0.05) P < 0.001 |
0.02 (−0.00, 0.03) P = 0.084 |
0.02 (−0.00, 0.03) P = 0.058 |
−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) P = 0.223 |
0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) P = 0.833 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.008 | P = 0.218 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.538 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.140 | P = 0.097 | P = 0.284 | P = 0.880 |
| Antenatal 26-28 weeks fasting plasma glucose (n = 653) | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.06) P = 0.204 |
0.08 (−0.07, 0.23) P = 0.301 |
0.07 (−0.09, 0.23) P = 0.370 |
0.05 (−0.11, 0.21) P = 0.532 |
0.17 (0.01, 0.32) P = 0.038 |
0.06 (−0.09, 0.22) P = 0.429 |
0.23 (0.07, 0.38) P = 0.005 |
0.17 (0.01, 0.32) P = 0.037 |
0.01 (−0.15, 0.18) P = 0.880 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.291 | P = 0.502 | P = 0.529 | P = 0.567 | P = 0.076 | P = 0.429 | P = 0.017 | P = 0.074 | P = 0.880 |
| Antenatal 26-28 weeks 2h post-OGTT plasma glucose (n = 653) | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.00) P = 0.057 |
−0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) P = 0.723 |
−0.06 (−0.11, 0.00) P = 0.040 |
0.02 (−0.04, 0.07) P = 0.502 |
0.00 (−0.05, 0.06) P = 0.905 |
−0.07 (−0.12, −0.02) P = 0.007 |
0.04 (−0.01, 0.10) P = 0.101 |
0.03 (−0.02, 0.09) P = 0.228 |
0.02 (−0.04, 0.07) P = 0.548 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.142 | P = 0.870 | P = 0.135 | P = 0.567 | P = 0.905 | P = 0.018 | P = 0.127 | P = 0.284 | P = 0.858 |
| Cesarean (n = 210) vs vaginal delivery (n = 443) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.14) P = 0.778 |
0.43 (0.28, 0.59) P < 0.001 |
−0.04 (−0.20, 0.12) P = 0.616 |
0.20 (0.04, 0.36) P = 0.017 |
0.17 (0.01, 0.33) P = 0.037 |
−0.58 (−0.74, −0.42) P < 0.001 |
0.26 (0.10, 0.42) P = 0.002 |
0.40 (0.24, 0.46) P < 0.001 |
0.02 (−0.15, 0.19) P = 0.804 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.863 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.684 | P = 0.056 | P = 0.076 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.009 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.880 |
| Female (n = 310) vs male (n = 343) | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.07) P = 0.265 |
0.10 (−0.05, 0.24) P = 0.181 |
0.13 (−0.02, 0.28) P = 0.083 |
0.17 (0.02, 0.32) P = 0.029 |
0.27 (0.12, 0.42) P < 0.001 |
0.18 (0.03, 0.33) P = 0.016 |
0.14 (−0.01, 0.29) P = 0.069 |
0.16 (0.01, 0.31) P = 0.035 |
0.13 (−0.03, 0.28) P = 0.115 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.331 | P = 0.361 | P = 0.208 | P = 0.059 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.031 | P = 0.099 | P = 0.074 | P = 0.288 |
| Duration of gestation (n = 653) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) P = 0.001 |
0.10 (−0.05, 0.06) P = 0.783 |
0.05 (−0.01, 0.10) P = 0.111 |
−0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) P = 0.002 |
0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) P = 0.771 |
−0.18 (−0.23, −0.12) P < 0.001 |
−0.16 (−0.22, −0.10) P < 0.001 |
−0.07 (−0.13, −0.02) P = 0.011 |
−0.09 (−0.15, −0.04) P = 0.002 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.008 | P = 0.870 | P = 0.223 | P = 0.013 | P = 0.856 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.035 | P = 0.016 |
| Estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th centile < 10th centile (n = 79) vs >=10th centile (n = 574) | 0.02 (−0.22, 0.26) P = 0.863 |
0.01 (−0.21, 0.24) P = 0.905 |
0.11 (−0.12, 0.34) P = 0.366 |
−0.07 (−0.30, 0.17) P = 0.567 |
0.14 (−0.09, 0.37) P = 0.227 |
0.13 (−0.09, 0.36) P = 0.252 |
−0.08 (−0.32, 0.15) P = 0.475 |
−0.06 (−0.29, 0.17) P = 0.620 |
−0.06 (−0.31, 0.18) P = 0.601 |
| Corrected P value | P = 0.863 | P = 0.905 | P = 0.529 | P = 0.567 | P = 0.284 | P = 0.315 | P = 0.475 | P = 0.688 | P = 0.858 |
Standardized scores of cord blood TRP-KYN metabolite concentrations and ratios as outcomes. Coefficients (β) with 95% CI are change in maternal factor per standardized score change in TRP-KYN metabolite concentrations or ratios. P values were determined with the use of multivariable regression models. Corrected P values were obtained using Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple testing. P values that are significant (P < 0.05) are indicated in bold. Models are mutually adjusted for study site, ethnicity, maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, antenatal 26-28 weeks fasting plasma glucose, or 2h post-OGTT plasma glucose, delivery mode, intrauterine growth restriction, sex, and gestational age. Abbreviations: EFW, estimated fetal weight; HAA, hydroxyanthranilic acid; HK, hydroxykynurenine; KA, kynurenic acid; KYN, kynurenine; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; QA, quinolinic acid; TRP, tryptophan; XA, xanthurenic acid.