Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Dapagliflozin (n = 16) | Exenatide (n = 17) | Dapagliflozin + Exenatide (n = 16) | Placebo (n = 16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64 (8.4) | 65 (5.8) | 64 (7.4) | 60.9 (7.2) |
| Female, n (%) | 4 (25) | 6 (35.3) | 4 (25) | 4 (25.0) |
| Weight, kg | 97.8 (15.4) | 96.6 (13.3) | 93.6 (13.4) | 99.1 (21.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.7 (3.3) | 32.7 (5.1) | 30.9 (3.4) | 31.5 (5.9) |
| Body fat, % | 34.9 (5.5) | 38.6 (8.6) | 34.9 (6.2) | 34.9 (7.4) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 114.1 (9.1) | 109.5 (7.6) | 109.2 (7.9) | 113.8 (18.8) |
| Diabetes duration, years | 8.0 [5.5,13.5] | 10.0 [6,18] | 7.0 [5,12.8] | 9.5 [7,10.5] |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 8.7 (1.5) | 9.9 (1.9) | 10.7 (3.6) | 9.5 (3.0) |
| HbA1c, % | 7.8 (0.6) | 7.9 (0.8) | 8.0 (1.3) | 8.0 (0.95) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 61.3 (6.1) | 65.0 (11.1) | 63.5 (14.5) | 64.7 (11.7) |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.2 (0.2) | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.5 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.2) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.8 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.0 (0.2) |
| SBP, mmHg | 136.4 (10.7) | 132.1 (11.1) | 130.3 (10.8) | 132.6 (13.2) |
| DBP, mmHg | 80.8 (5.8) | 81.0 (7.2) | 79.7 (6.8) | 81.3 (6.8) |
| MAP, mmHg | 99.4 (5.2) | 98.1 (7.7) | 96.6 (7.8) | 98.3 (7.8) |
| HR, bpm | 64.6 (11.1) | 71.0 (9.8) | 71.4 (7.9) | 68.5 (9.6) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 83.4 (14.6) | 83.2 (13.7) | 88.8 (10.6) | 87.8 (11.2) |
| Use of, n (%) | ||||
| Metformin | 16 (100) | 17 (100) | 16 (100) | 16 (100) |
| SU derivative | 5 (31.3) | 6 (35.3) | 3 (18.8) | 8 (50.0) |
| Beta blocker | 4 (25.0) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (12.5) |
| Statin | 12 (75.0) | 14 (82.4) | 12 (75.0) | 14 (87.5) |
| Anti-coagulant | 4 (25.0) | 4 (23.5) | 5 (31.3) | 1 (6.3) |
| RAS inhibition | 5 (31.3) | 12 (70.6) | 10 (66.7) | 9 (56.3) |
| ACE inhibitor | 2 (40.0) | 8 (47.1) | 7 (70.0) | 6 (66.7) |
| ARB | 3 (60.0) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (30.0) | 3 (30.0) |
Data are means (± SD) or median [interquartile range] for continuous metrics, and number (percent) for categorical characteristics. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin-II receptor blocker, BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, heart rate (beats per minute); MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SU, sulfonylurea.