Table 9.
Carotid intima-media thickness results
| Study | Study size, No. | Population + age, y | Diabetes duration, y | Mean HbA1c, % | Duration of CGM trace, d | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cesana et al (2013) (59) cross-sectional | 17 | T1D | 13.6 ± 8.8 | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 1 | CIMT not correlated with SD or MAGE |
| 40.7 ± 7.5 | ||||||
| Lu et al (2020) (60) cross-sectional | 2,215 | T2D | 8.5 ± 6.7 | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 3 | Abnormal (≥ 1 mm) CIMT associated with |
| 60.4 ± 11.5 | • SD: 2.3 ± 0.9 vs 2.5 ± 0.9, P = .01a | |||||
| • MAGE: 5.8 ± 2.5 vs 6.3 ± 2.7, P = .01a | ||||||
| • Lower TIR: 66.4 ± 23.5 vs 60.7 ± 24.9, P < .01a | ||||||
| Abnormal CIMT not associated with CV: P = .33a | ||||||
| Abnormal CIMT negatively associated with 10% higher TIR: OR = 0.94 (0.88-1.00), P = .04b | ||||||
| Magri et al (2018) (31) cross-sectional | 121 | T2D | 3 (2-5) | 6.8 (6.3-7.6) | 3 | Abnormal CIMT associated with TBR: OR = 1.09 (1.00-1.19), P = .04b |
| 64 (57-68) | ||||||
| Mo et al (2013) (61) cross-sectional | 216 | T2D | 9 (5-13.3) | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 3 | Intracranial/cervical artery stenosis severity, measured by magnetic resonance angiography, not associated with SD or MAGE |
| 63 ± 10 | ||||||
| In participants without existing plaques found on magnetic resonance angiography, CIMT correlated with | ||||||
| • SD: standardized β = 0.34, P = .01, R2 = 0.31b | ||||||
| • MAGE: standardized β = 0.32, P = .01, R2 = 0.27b | ||||||
| In those with existing atherosclerotic plaque, CIMT not correlated with SD or MAGE |
Values expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; CV, coefficient of variation for glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; SD, SD of blood glucose levels; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TBR, time below range; TIR, time in range;.
a Univariable analysis.
b Multivariable analysis.