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. 2022 May 17;12:8159. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12358-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neutrophil elastase inhibitor inhibits ligature-induced alveolar bone loss. (A) Representative images of the maxillae from indicated treatment groups 8 days after ligature placement. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. (B) Periodontal bone loss was assessed using a stereoscopic microscope. Negative values indicate bone loss relative to the unligated control. (C, D) Frozen maxillae sections were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. (C) Representative images obtained by optical microscopy are shown. Scale bar: 50 μm. (D) All the TRAP-positive multinucleated giant cells in the periodontal ligament of ligated second molar were counted in five random coronal sections. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5 per group). The group means were compared using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. AB alveolar bone, D dentine, MNCs multinucleated cells, NE neutrophil elastase, PDL periodontal ligament, SD standard deviation, TRAP tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.