Table 1.
Overview of chemokines involved in atherosclerosis remodeling and their physiological effect.
| Chemokines | Receptors | Cells affected | Proposed effect in vascular remodeling | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2 | CCR2 | Monocytes | Recruitment | (13) |
| (14) | ||||
| (15) | ||||
| VSMCs | Migration via PI3Kγ signaling | (16) | ||
| Activation of NF-kβ and AP-1 leading to cytokine secretion | (17) | |||
| Proliferation | ||||
| CCL5 (RANTES) | CCR1 | Monocytes | Recruitment, Arrest, infiltration | (18) |
| CCR3 | Macrophages | Differentiation into foam cells | (19) | |
| CCR5 | VSMCs | Proliferation | (19) | |
| Phenotypic switch from contractile to synthetic repair cell | ||||
| CCL19/CCL21 | CCR7 | Monocytes | Recruitment | (20) |
| Macrophages | Foam cell formation | (21) | ||
| (22) | ||||
| VSMCs | Proliferation | (22) | ||
| Increase MMP-1 expression | ||||
| CXCL10 | CXCR3 | CD4+ T lymphocytes | Recrutment of CD4+ T lymphocytes and Tregs | (23) |
| Endothelial cells | Reduced wound healing | (24) | ||
| CXCL12 | CXCR4 | Monocytes | Recruitment | (25) |
| Macrophages | Differentiation into foam cell | (25) | ||
| VSMCs | Migration | (26) | ||
| Secretion of collagen | (27) | |||
| (28) | ||||
| CXCL16 | CXCR6 | Platelets | Deposition on ECs | (29) |
| Macrophages | Differentiation into foam cells | (30) | ||
| (31) | ||||
| VSMCs | Differentiation into foam cells | (30) | ||
| (31) | ||||
| CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) | CX3CR1 | Monocytes | Recruitment and adhesion | (32) |
| (33) | ||||
| VSMCs | Proliferation | (34) | ||
| (35) |