Table 2.
Targeting chemokines as therapeutic treatments in vascular remodeling and CVD.
| Chemokine | Therapeutic Treatment | Clinical trials | Animal experimenta-tion | Outcomes on atherosclerosis | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2 | Pharmacological phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) inhibitor | – | ✓ | Reduces PDGF-Stimulates aortic VSMC migration by 50% | (16) |
| CCL2 competitor (PA508) | – | ✓ | Reduces inflammatory monocyte recruitment | (13) | |
| Limited neointimal hyperplasia and attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury | |||||
| CCR2 antagonist (INCB3344) | – | ✓ | Reduces circulating CCR2+ monocytes, Diminished atherosclerotic plaques | (14) | |
| CCL5 | CCL5 antagonist (Met-RANTES) | – | ✓ | Reduced atherosclerotic lesion size | (46) |
| Reduction in foam cells | |||||
| MKEY | – | ✓ | Decreases leukocyte recruitment into infarcted tissue Decreases release of NETs | (47) | |
| CCL19/CCL21 | anti-CCL21 monoclonal antibody | – | ✓ | Reduction of the infarction size after AMI | (20) |
| CXCL10 | pharmaceutical antagonist specific for CXCR3 (NBI-74330) | ✓ | Reduced lesion size, CD4+ T lymphocytes content and increased Tregs content | (23) | |
| CXCL12 | – | – | – | – | – |
| CXCL16 | – | – | – | – | – |
| CX3CL1 | CX3CL1-Fc fusion protein | – | ✓ | Reduces atherosclerotic lesions size, independent of the diet | (33) |