Table 4.

Targeting cytokines as therapeutic treatments in vascular remodeling and CVD.

Cytokines	Therapeutic Treatment	Clinical trials	Animal experimentation	Outcomes on atherosclerosis	References
IL-1 β	Canakinumab	✓	✓	Decreases aortic lesion area, Decreases IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, CCL2, Decreases collagen and VSMC content	(91)
					(121)
IL-6	Raloxifene	✓	✓	Decreases aortic lesion area, Decreases IL-6, Decreases ICAM1, VCAM1 expression, Decrease macrophage and VSMC content	(95)
	Ziltivekimab	✓	–	Decreases of serum CRP	(122)
	Tocilizumab	✓	–	Decreases CRP, Ameliorates FMD, Increase total cholesterol	(123)
IL-10	Nothing yet	–	–	–	–
IL-22	Fezakinumab	✓	–	Not published yet	(124)
IL-33	Nothing yet	–	–	–	–
TNFα	Adalimumab	✓	✓	Decreases VCAM1, E-selectin, CRP, and aortic stiffness; Increases oxLDL	(125)
					(126)
					(127)
	Etanercept	✓	–	Decreases aortic stiffness, Increases cholesterol and triglycerides	(128)