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. 2022 May 17;12:8198. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12280-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The above image represents the in vitro evaluation of Ch NFRCS, Cp NFRCS, and Cs. (A) a) Graphical representation of percentage hemolysis of RBC in the presence of Ch NFRCS, Cp NFRCS, and Cs, (n = 3); b). Images captured during the hemolysis assay; c). Represent the FESEM images captured from the surface of blood-treated Cp NFRCS and Ch NFRCS. (B) a) Amount of blood loss before blood coagulation in the presence of Ct, Ch NFRCS, Cp NFRCS, and Cs samples (n = 3), no blood loss was observed for Ch NFRCS and Cp NFRCS; b) The digital images captured during the study of Ch NFRCS and Cp NFRCS samples in vitro blood coagulation before blood loss. (C) The above digital images represent the wet integrity of Ch NFRCS and Cp NFRCS at 0 s and 60 s (n = 3). (D) Graphical representation of intactness of the surface coat when exposed to external stimuli (sonic waves) (n = 3). (E) Graphical representation of NBCA of test samples (n = 3). (F) The above image represents the DVS isotherm of Ch NFRCs and Cp NFRCS samples (hygroscopic). (G) The image represents the Erythrocytes agglomeration in the presence of Cs, Ct, Ch HFFC, and Cp HFFC samples (Cp HFFC showed the best EAgT compared to other samples). Data in A, B, D, and E images is represented as mean ± SD, n = 3, with ***p < 0.0001.