Table 1.
Problematic smartphone use and psychological symptoms of all 1,629 students.
| Measurements | Overall (n = 1629) | Online learning group (n = 788) | Face-to-face learning group (n = 841) | t /χ2 | P -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAS-SV score, (m ± SD) | 33.81 ± 9.81 | 34.86 ± 10.20 | 32.69 ± 9.81 | 5.419 | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 score, (m ± SD) | 7.75 ± 4.56 | 8.15 ± 4.42 | 7.51 ± 4.93 | 3.945 | 0.002 |
| GAD-7 score, (m ± SD) | 6.72 ± 4.33 | 7.11 ± 4.04 | 6.24 ± 4.69 | 4.537 | <0.001 |
| AIS-8 score, (m ± SD) | 8.39 ± 4.61 | 8.63 ± 4.54 | 7.91 ± 4.76 | 2.504 | 0.015 |
| Problematic smartphone use, n (%) | 953 (58.50) | 495 (62.82) | 458 (54.46) | 19.241 | <0.001 |
| Depression symptom, n (%) | 423 (25.97) | 236(29.95) | 187 (22.24) | 9.123 | 0.003 |
| Anxiety symptom, n (%) | 357 (21.92) | 198 (25.13) | 159 (18.91) | 19.728 | <0.001 |
| Insomnia symptoms, n (%) | 1189 (72.99) | 598 (75.89) | 591 (70.27) | 7.446 | 0.006 |
SAS-SV, Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7, 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; AIS-8, 8-item Athens Insomnia Scale.