Table 6.

Association between DES-related symptoms and digital device usage characteristics

Symptoms	Digital device use	P*
Eye pain	Smartphone for online learning	0.014
	Smartphone for recreational	0.049
	Tablet for recreational	0.001
	Dark environment	0.002
	High screen luminance	0.038
	Artificial light	0.005
Headache	Tablet for recreational	0.020
	Smartphone for recreational	0.040
	Dark environment	0.002
	After 8. 00 p.m	0.016
Eye fatigue	Tablet for recreational	0.006
	Smartphone for recreational	0.009
	Dark environment	0.000
	After 8. 00 p.m	0.047
	Screen distance under 40 cm	0.049
	Artificial light	0.013
Redness	Tablet for recreational	0.006
	Smartphone for recreational	0.009
	Dark environment	0.001
	After 8. 00 p.m	0.046
	Artificial light	0.013
Blurred vision	Smartphone for online learning
	Tablet for recreational	0.002
	Smartphone for recreational	0.007
	Dark environment	0.001
Foreign body sensation	High screen luminance	0.018
Watering	Artificial light	0.014

*Chi-squared test, only statistically significant findings were shown