Table 6.
Association between DES-related symptoms and digital device usage characteristics
| Symptoms | Digital device use | P* |
|---|---|---|
| Eye pain | Smartphone for online learning | 0.014 |
| Smartphone for recreational | 0.049 | |
| Tablet for recreational | 0.001 | |
| Dark environment | 0.002 | |
| High screen luminance | 0.038 | |
| Artificial light | 0.005 | |
| Headache | Tablet for recreational | 0.020 |
| Smartphone for recreational | 0.040 | |
| Dark environment | 0.002 | |
| After 8. 00 p.m | 0.016 | |
| Eye fatigue | Tablet for recreational | 0.006 |
| Smartphone for recreational | 0.009 | |
| Dark environment | 0.000 | |
| After 8. 00 p.m | 0.047 | |
| Screen distance under 40 cm | 0.049 | |
| Artificial light | 0.013 | |
| Redness | Tablet for recreational | 0.006 |
| Smartphone for recreational | 0.009 | |
| Dark environment | 0.001 | |
| After 8. 00 p.m | 0.046 | |
| Artificial light | 0.013 | |
| Blurred vision | Smartphone for online learning | |
| Tablet for recreational | 0.002 | |
| Smartphone for recreational | 0.007 | |
| Dark environment | 0.001 | |
| Foreign body sensation | High screen luminance | 0.018 |
| Watering | Artificial light | 0.014 |
*Chi-squared test, only statistically significant findings were shown