Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of new users of SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and sulfonylureas after PSM
| Characteristic | SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 85,125) |
DPP-4 inhibitors (n = 85,125) |
SMD | SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 72,436) |
Sulfonylureas (n = 72,436) |
SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 60.7 (11.0) | 60.4 (12.1) | 0.02 | 59.8 (11.1) | 59.5 (12.9) | 0.04 |
| Male sex | 48,629 (57.2) | 48,816 (57.4) | 0.00 | 40,701 (56.2) | 40,776 (56.2) | 0.00 |
| Education level | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| <12th grade | 806 (1.0) | 794 (1.0) | 650 (0.8) | 699 (1.0) | ||
| High school diploma | 30,207 (35.4) | 30,037 (35.2) | 24,693 (34.0) | 24,762 (34.2) | ||
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 44,566 (52.4) | 44,709 (52.6) | 38,176 (52.8) | 38,040 (52.6) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree plus | 9,239 (10.8) | 9,264 (10.8) | 8,665 (12.0) | 8,674 (12.0) | ||
| Race | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Asian | 3,258 (3.8) | 3,344 (4.0) | 2,980 (4.2) | 3,035 (4.2) | ||
| Black | 11,520 (13.6) | 11,520 (13.6) | 9,600 (13.2) | 9,533 (13.2) | ||
| Hispanic | 14,453 (17.0) | 14,356 (16.8) | 12,146 (16.8) | 12,203 (16.8) | ||
| White | 55,894 (65.6) | 55,905 (65.6) | 47,710 (65.8) | 47,665 (65.8) | ||
| Unknown | 12,891 (15.2) | 12,760 (15.0) | 11,102 (15.4) | 11,122 (15.4) | ||
| Income | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||||
| <$40,000 | 18,955 (22.2) | 18,629 (21.8) | 15,395 (21.2) | 15,260 (21.0) | ||
| $40,000–$49,000 | 5,923 (7.0) | 5,858 (6.8) | 4,797 (6.6) | 4,776 (6.6) | ||
| $50,000–$59,000 | 6,219 (7.4) | 6,214 (7.2) | 5,081 (7.0) | 5,038 (7.0) | ||
| $60,000–$74,000 | 8,578 (10.0) | 8,572 (10.0) | 7,191 (10.0) | 7,138 (9.8) | ||
| $75,000–$99,000 | 12,324 (14.4) | 12,525 (14.8) | 10,451 (14.4) | 10,618 (14.6) | ||
| ≥$100,000 | 20,235 (23.8) | 20,567 (24.2) | 18,419 (25.4) | 18,484 (25.6) | ||
| U.S. region | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| East north central | 11,464 (13.4) | 11,613 (13.6) | 9,428 (13.0) | 9,401 (13.0) | ||
| East south central | 4,638 (5.4) | 4,685 (5.6) | 3,977 (5.4) | 3,965 (5.4) | ||
| Middle Atlantic | 4,678 (5.4) | 4,478 (5.2) | 4,446 (6.2) | 4,384 (6.0) | ||
| Mountain | 6,146 (7.2) | 6,103 (7.2) | 5,356 (7.4) | 5,398 (7.4) | ||
| New England | 1,823 (2.2) | 1,758 (2.0) | 1,527 (2.2) | 1,495 (2.0) | ||
| South Atlantic | 23,740 (27.8) | 23,913 (28.0) | 19,982 (27.6) | 20,090 (27.8) | ||
| West north central | 7,078 (8.4) | 7,001 (8.2) | 5,788 (8.0) | 5,698 (7.8) | ||
| West south central | 18,537 (21.8) | 18,539 (21.8) | 16,077 (22.2) | 16,160 (22.4) | ||
| Baseline comorbidities | ||||||
| Heart failure | 5,063 (6.0) | 4,807 (5.6) | 0.02 | 3,949 (5.4) | 3,932 (5.4) | 0.00 |
| PVD | 5,964 (7.0) | 5,897 (7.0) | 0.00 | 4,615 (6.4) | 4,610 (6.4) | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | 58,568 (68.8) | 58,287 (68.4) | 0.00 | 48,126 (66.4) | 48,133 (66.4) | 0.00 |
| Cancer | 3,867 (4.6) | 3,786 (4.4) | 0.00 | 3,326 (4.6) | 3,267 (4.6) | 0.00 |
| Chronic lung disease | 11,565 (13.6) | 11,471 (13.4) | 0.00 | 9,666 (13.4) | 9,778 (13.4) | 0.00 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 39,183 (46.0) | 39,034 (45.8) | 0.00 | 32,220 (44.4) | 32,215 (44.4) | 0.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10,021 (11.8) | 9,378 (11.0) | 0.02 | 7,917 (11.0) | 7,748 (10.6) | 0.00 |
| Stroke | 56 (0.1) | 67 (0.1) | 0.00 | 45 (0.1) | 38 (0.1) | 0.00 |
| Tobacco use | 5,688 (6.6) | 5,870 (6.8) | 0.00 | 4,704 (6.4) | 4,721 (6.6) | 0.00 |
| Arthritis | 3,638 (4.2) | 3,617 (4.2) | 0.00 | 2,984 (4.2) | 2,921 (4.0) | 0.00 |
| Liver disease | 3,991 (4.6) | 4,048 (4.8) | 0.00 | 3,454 (4.8) | 3,455 (4.8) | 0.00 |
| Alcohol abuse | 880 (1.0) | 878 (1.0) | 0.00 | 753 (1.0) | 739 (1.0) | 0.00 |
| Drug abuse | 1,132 (1.4) | 1,117 (1.4) | 0.00 | 951 (1.4) | 919 (1.2) | 0.00 |
| VTE | 1,449 (1.8) | 1,381 (1.6) | 0.00 | 1,179 (1.6) | 1,148 (1.6) | 0.00 |
| Depression | 3,153 (3.8) | 2,994 (3.6) | 0.00 | 2,721 (3.8) | 2,636 (3.6) | 0.00 |
| Baseline medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 33,589 (39.4) | 33,463 (39.4) | 0.00 | 26,345 (36.4) | 26,276 (36.2) | 0.00 |
| α-Adrenergic blockers | 5,087 (6.0) | 4,948 (5.8) | 0.00 | 3,978 (5.4) | 3,995 (5.6) | 0.00 |
| ARBs | 20,518 (24.2) | 20,447 (24.0) | 0.00 | 17,462 (24.2) | 17,402 (24.0) | 0.00 |
| β-Blockers | 19,170 (22.6) | 18,834 (22.2) | 0.00 | 15,176 (21.0) | 15,156 (21.0) | 0.00 |
| CCBs | 17,199 (20.2) | 16,839 (19.8) | 0.02 | 13,862 (19.2) | 13,931 (19.2) | 0.00 |
| Direct vasodilators | 1,093 (1.2) | 1,064 (1.2) | 0.00 | 826 (1.2) | 792 (1.0) | 0.00 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 22,639 (26.6) | 22,716 (26.6) | 0.00 | 18,417 (25.4) | 18,337 (25.4) | 0.00 |
| Loop diuretics | 7,479 (8.8) | 7,092 (8.4) | 0.02 | 5,756 (8.0) | 5,842 (8.0) | 0.00 |
| Potassium diuretics | 2,409 (2.8) | 2,390 (2.8) | 0.00 | 2,007 (2.8) | 1,989 (2.8) | 0.00 |
| Aldosterone antagonists | 2,301 (2.8) | 2,276 (2.6) | 0.00 | 1,905 (2.6) | 1,884 (2.6) | 0.00 |
| PPIs | 16,610 (19.6) | 16,358 (19.2) | 0.00 | 13,883 (19.2) | 13,731 (19.0) | 0.00 |
| SSRIs | 11,681 (13.8) | 11,592 (13.6) | 0.00 | 9,838 (13.6) | 9,812 (13.6) | 0.00 |
| Statins | 50,136 (58.8) | 49,988 (58.8) | 0.00 | 41,079 (56.8) | 41,175 (56.8) | 0.00 |
| Metformin | 55,263 (65.0) | 53,129 (62.4) | 0.06 | 45,701 (63.0) | 46,061 (63.6) | 0.02 |
| Amylin | 90 (0.2) | 34 (0.1) | 0.02 | 73 (0.2) | 11 (0.1) | 0.02 |
| TZDs | 6,112 (7.2) | 5,119 (6.0) | 0.04 | 4,051 (5.6) | 4,075 (5.6) | 0.00 |
| Insulin | 18,383 (21.6) | 17,586 (20.6) | 0.02 | 14,762 (20.4) | 14,214 (19.6) | 0.02 |
| GLP-1 | 7,272 (8.6) | 6,422 (7.6) | 0.04 | 7,082 (9.8) | 6,381 (8.8) | 0.04 |
| DCSI | 0.02 | 0.00 | ||||
| 0 | 61,936 (72.8) | 62,486 (73.4) | 54,478 (75.2) | 54,709 (75.6) | ||
| 1 | 10,172 (12.0) | 10,077 (11.8) | 7,928 (11.0) | 7,787 (10.8) | ||
| 2 | 7,324 (8.6) | 7,145 (8.4) | 5,712 (7.8) | 5,637 (7.8) | ||
| >2 | 5,693 (6.6) | 5,417 (6.4) | 4,318 (6.0) | 4,303 (6.0) | ||
| Measures of health care use | ||||||
| Inpatient visits, mean (SD) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.02 | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.00 |
| Prescriptions, mean (SD) | 34.1 (33.7) | 33.5 (33.3) | 0.02 | 31.9 (32.5) | 31.7 (34.8) | 0.00 |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. We considered variables balanced between treatment groups if they met a threshold <0.1. ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; SMD, standardized mean difference; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TZD, thiazolidinedione; VTE, venous thromboembolism.