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. 2022 May 4;10:899760. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.899760

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Copyright © 2022 Tian, Wu, Wu, Cui, Ren, Wang, Wang and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of HACC with different degrees of substitution on cell proliferation and differentiation (Peng et al., 2010). (A) ALP staining. (a) α-MEM; (b) osteogenic induction medium (OS) only; (c) chitosan; (d) HACC 6%; (e) HACC 18%; and (f) HACC 44% treated hMSC after 14 days. (B) Relative ALP activity in each group after 14 days of culture (^### p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01). (C) Alizarin red staining results after 28 days of culture. (a) α-MEM medium only; (b) OS; (c) chitosan; (d) HACC 6%; (e) HACC 18%; and (f) HACC 44%. (D) MTT test results for L-929 cells after 48 h of exposure (*p < 0.05). ALP, alkaline phosphatase; α-MEM, α-Minimum Essential Medium; HACC, N-(2-hydroxyl)propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride; hMSC, human mesenchymal stem cells; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.