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. 2022 May 4;10:899760. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.899760

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Copyright © 2022 Tian, Wu, Wu, Cui, Ren, Wang, Wang and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Injectable thermosensitive hydrogel system for the delivery of VCM in the treatment of osteomyelitis (Tao et al., 2020b). (A) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of antibacterial and osteogenic hydrogels. (B) (a), (b) VCM, VCM-NPs, and VCM-NPs/Gel against S. aureus with different concentrations of VCM; (c) Agar plate diffusion of different groups at 1 and 15 days. (C) (a) The results of μ-CT bone morphology after treatment with VCM/Gel, VCM-NPs/Gel, and vancomycin-calcium sulfate (VCS); (b), (c) Quantitative analysis of μ-CT in each group. (D) (a) Histopathology and IL6 immunohistochemical analysis of the rabbit tibia; (b), (c) Quantitative analysis of new bone formation and (d) Quantitative analysis of IL-6 immunohistochemical staining. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001). BMD, bone mineral density; BV/TV, bone volume/total volume; IL6, interleukin 6; μ-CT, micro-computed tomography; N. Ob/T. Ar, osteoblast number/trabecular bone area; N. OB/B. pm, osteoblast number/bone perimeter; NPs, nanoparticles; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; VCM, vancomycin; ZOI, zone of inhibition.