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. 2022 May 4;10:899760. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.899760

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Copyright © 2022 Tian, Wu, Wu, Cui, Ren, Wang, Wang and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CMC nanofibers have a biomimetic mineralization function in vitro and in vivo (Zhao et al., 2018). (A) CCK-8 test results after 1, 4, and 7 days of culture, and osteogenic gene expression levels analyzed by RT-PCR after 7, 14, and 21 days of culture (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001). (B) H&E staining results at 4 and 12 weeks. (C) Results of LIVE/DEAD staining after 12 h of culture and cell morphology after 6 h of culture using SEM. (D) Masson’s trichrome staining results at 4 and 12 weeks. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; CMC, carboxymethyl chitosan; COL1, collagen type 1; HA, hydroxyapatite; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; OCN, osteocalcin; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.