TABLE 1.
The effects of GGOH on osteoclasts alone.
| Authors (years) | Study design | Major findings |
|---|---|---|
| Hara et al. (1995) | Primary murine spleen cells cultured with TMS stromal cells in the presence of 1,25(OH)D | ↓ TRAP activity, TRAP + cells by GGOH (10−6 to 10−5 M) and MK-4 |
| Vitamin K1, phytol, geraniol, farnesol, generanylfarnesol, farnesylfarnesol and geranylgeranyl-farnesol - no similar effects | ||
| Benford et al. (1999) | J774 macrophages incubated with bisphosphonates with or without GGOH. | ↓ caspase-3-like activity induced by aminobisphosphonates by GGOH (10−4 M) |
| van Beek et al. (1999) | Murine foetal metatarsals cultured with different additives for three days. Resorption was calculated as calcium-45 in the medium/calcium-45 in the bone | Low dose (5 × 10−5–1 × 10−4 M) ↑ osteoclastic resorption; High dose (5 × 10−4 M) ↓ osteoclastic resorption |
| Taira et al. (2003) | Human peripheral monocytes cultured with RANKL, MCSF and vitamin K/GGOH | ↓ TRAP + cells and resorption activity by MK-4 and GGOH (10−6–10−5 M) |
| Hiruma et al. (2004) | Murine spleen cells co-cultured with TMS-12 bone marrow stromal cells in the presence of soluble RANKL, 1,25(OH)D3 and PGE2 | ↓ TRAP + cells induced by 1,25(OH)D3 by MK-4 (5 × 10−6 M) |
| ↓ TRAP + cells induced by PGE2 by GGOH (5 × 10−6 M) | ||
| van Beek et al. (2006) | Foetal metatarsals labelled with calcium-45 | ↑ osteoclastic resorption by RA, GGOH (10−6–10−4 M), GGA (1 × 10−6 M–5 × 10−5 M) and GGPP (10−6–10−4 M) |
| Nagaoka et al. (2015) | Bone marrow macrophages stimulated with RANKL, and MCSF in the presence or absence of zoledronate (0–10−5 M) with or without GGOH for 4 days | GGOH (3 × 10−6 M) and GGPP (3 × 10−6 M) ↑ TRAP + cells with >11 nuclei, expression of osteoclast markers (TRAP, DC-STAMP, OC-STAMP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor) |
Abbreviation↓, decrease; ↑, increase; +, positive; 1,25(OH)D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; DC-STAMP, dendrocyte expressed seven transmembrane protein; GGOH, geranylgeraniol; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MK-4, menatetrenone; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1; OC-STAMP, osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.