Table 2.
Fixed effects regression models: within‐person change pre‐Covid to mid‐Covid, adjusted for age and passage of time (number of days between time points)
| SDQ total difficulties score | SDQ internalising score | SDQ externalising score | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | 95% CI | p (interaction) | b | 95% CI | p (interaction) | b | 95% CI | p (interaction) | |
| Overall | −0.06 | (−0.66, 0.54) | 0.04 | (−0.31, 0.39) | −0.27 | (−0.63, 0.10) | |||
| Demographic and pre‐Covid Risks | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Boys | −0.59 | (−1.37, 0.19) | .007 | −0.13 | (−0.57, 0.31) | .131 | −0.61 | (−1.07, −0.16) | .004 |
| Girls | 0.42 | (−0.19, 1.03) | 0.20 | (−0.18, 0.58) | 0.04 | (−0.35, 0.43) | |||
| Free school meals | |||||||||
| No | 0.02 | (−0.57, 0.62) | .394 | 0.03 | (−0.32, 0.38) | .851 | −0.16 | (−0.53, 0.21) | .069 |
| Yes | −0.36 | (−1.33, 0.61) | 0.08 | (−0.50, 0.66) | −0.65 | (−1.22, −0.07) | |||
| Ethnic group | |||||||||
| British White | 0.28 | (−0.55, 0.82) | .564 | −0.05 | (−0.48, 0.37) | .509 | 0.19 | (−0.27, 0.65) | .006 |
| Black African | −0.47 | (−1.34, 0.40) | −0.09 | (−0.60, 0.42) | −0.51 | (−1.02, 0.11) | |||
| Black Caribbean | −0.43 | (−1.90, 1.04) | 0.63 | (−0.20, 1.47) | −1.27 | (−2.12, −0.42) | |||
| Non‐British White | 0.45 | (−0.75, 1.65) | 0.16 | (−0.52, 0.84) | 0.14 | (−0.54, 0.83) | |||
| Mixed | 0.01 | (−0.89, 0.92) | 0.22 | (−0.33, 0.77) | −0.48 | (−1.04, 0.08) | |||
| Other | −0.14 | (−1.09, 0.80) | −0.11 | (−0.69, 0.46) | −0.19 | (−0.76, 0.38) | |||
| Mental health problems (at T3) | |||||||||
| No | 0.24 | (−0.39, 0.87) | .002 | 0.22 | (−0.15, 0.59) | .008 | −0.11 | (−0.49, 0.27) | .015 |
| Yes | −1.04 | (−1.88, 0.20) | −0.46 | (−0.98, 0.06) | −0.77 | (−1.32, −0.22) | |||
| Family affluence | |||||||||
| High | −0.22 | (−0.91, 0.48) | .016 | 0.07 | (−0.47, 0.33) | .211 | −0.34 | (−0.76, 0.07) | .012 |
| Low, moderate | −1.12 | (−1.89, −0.36) | −0.36 | (−0.82, 0.11) | −0.90 | (−1.37, −0.43) | |||
| Mid‐Covid risks | |||||||||
| Financial problems | |||||||||
| No | −0.36 | (−0.96, 0.24) | .008 | −0.10 | (−0.45, 0.25) | .008 | −0.43 | (−0.81, −0.06) | .030 |
| Yes | 1.27 | (−0.04, 2.58) | 0.82 | (0.09, 1.55) | 0.31 | (−0.44, 1.10) | |||
| Change in family relationships | |||||||||
| Lot worse | 5.39 | (1.10, 9.69) | .011 | 3.55 | (1.22, 5.89) | .007 | 1.83 | (−0.37, 4.04) | .075 |
| Little worse | 0.66 | (−0.35, 1.66) | 0.31 | (−0.30, 0.92) | 0.13 | (−0.54, 0.80) | |||
| Same | −0.40 | (−1.04, 0.23) | −0.18 | (−0.56, 0.20) | −0.38 | (−0.77, 0.01) | |||
| Little better | 0.04 | (−0.73, 0.82) | 0.13 | (−0.35, 0.61) | −0.24 | (−0.72, 0.24) | |||
| Lot better | −1.29 | (−2.82, 0.25) | −0.59 | (−1.44, −0.25) | −0.95 | (−1.81, −0.10) | |||
| Freq. argue with parents | |||||||||
| Never | −0.29 | (−1.52, 0.93) | .001 | −0.09 | (−0.70, 0.65) | .222 | −0.41 | (−1.08, 0.47) | .001 |
| Hardly ever | −1.03 | (−1.73, −0.32) | −0.32 | (−0.75, 0.12) | −0.88 | (−1.33, −0.42) | |||
| <Once a week | 0.63 | (−0.35, 1.61) | 0.30 | (−0.27, 0.87) | 0.15 | (−0.40, 0.70) | |||
| >Once a week | 0.16 | (−0.64, 0.96) | 0.11 | (−0.40, 0.61) | −0.09 | (−0.59, 0.43) | |||
| Most days | 0.62 | (−0.41, 1.64) | 0.16 | (−0.38, 0.69) | 0.21 | (−0.61, 1.04) | |||
| Feel Lonely | |||||||||
| Not at all | −1.28 | (−1.98, −0.58) | <.001 | −0.60 | (−1.01, −0.18) | <.001 | −0.84 | (−1.28, −0.41) | <.001 |
| Slightly | 0.17 | (−0.47, 0.81) | 0.12 | (−0.27, 0.50) | −0.12 | (−0.53, 0.29) | |||
| Moderately | 1.22 | (0.03, 2.40) | 0.64 | (−0.03, 1.32) | 0.40 | (−0.29, 1.10) | |||
| Very | 1.59 | (0.30, 2.88) | 1.25 | (0.50, 2.01) | 0.20 | (−0.67, 1.08) | |||
| Stable routine | |||||||||
| Not at all | 1.11 | (0.05, 2.17) | <.001 | 0.80 | (0.21, 1.39) | <.001 | 0.14 | (−0.50, 0.78) | .149 |
| A little | 0.24 | (−0.60, 1.08) | 0.25 | (−0.22, 0.71) | −0.17 | (−0.68, 0.35) | |||
| A moderate amount | −0.38 | (−1.13, 0.36) | −0.16 | (−0.64, 0.31) | −0.44 | (−0.90, 0.03) | |||
| A lot | −1.74 | (−2.73, −0.78) | −0.99 | (−1.55, −0.42) | −0.86 | (−1.57, −0.15) | |||
| A great deal | −1.29 | (−2.45, −0.10) | −0.77 | (−1.45, −0.08) | −0.61 | (−1.30, 0.08) | |||
| Index of negative impacts (count) | 0.43* | (0.22, 0.65) | <.001 | 0.24 | (0.11, 0.36) | <.001 | 0.19 | (0.04, 0.33) | .011 |
| Number of substantive concerns | 0.16* | (0.08, 0.24) | <.001 | 0.10 | (0.05, 0.14) | <.001 | 0.06 | (0.01, 0.11) | .013 |
| Number of positives | −0.17* | (−0.28, −0.06) | .002 | −0.09 | (−0.15, −0.02) | .008 | −0.08 | (−0.15, −0.02) | .010 |
Estimates weighted and robust standard errors used. Model adjusted for age and days passed since data collection. b, regression coefficient. * Coefficients are interaction terms and indicate the amount by which change in SDQ from pre‐ to mid‐Covid increases or decreases for each additional impact, concern, or positive.