Table 2.
Study population characteristics by country and study group
| Background characteristic | |||||||||
| DRC | Nigeria | Uganda | |||||||
| Pre-RAS | Post-RAS | Pre-RAS | Post-RAS | Pre-RAS | Post-RAS | ||||
| No RAS | RAS | No RAS | RAS | No RAS | RAS | ||||
| N | 368% | 188% | 1548% | 206% | 183% | 211% | 1479% | 635% | 1631% |
| Female | 47.0 | 45.7 | 46.8 | 38.8 | 35.5 | 43.1 | 46.0 | 48.2 | 46.9 |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 0 | 20.4 | 23.4 | 19.2 | 12.6 | 9.8 | 12.8 | 17.4 | 20.2 | 17.7 |
| 1 | 31.5 | 34.6 | 28.6 | 25.7 | 29.5 | 26.5 | 27.7 | 29.4 | 29.5 |
| 2 | 21.5 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 27.7 | 29.0 | 28.4 | 23.9 | 22.8 | 24.0 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 10.6 | 15.7 | 21.8 | 16.9 | 20.4 | 18.7 | 18.6 | 18.4 |
| 4 | 14.4 | 9.6 | 14.1 | 12.1 | 14.8 | 11.8 | 12.3 | 9.0 | 10.4 |
| Study area (DRC/Nigeria/Uganda) | |||||||||
| Ipamu/Mayo-Belwa/Kole | 22.6 | 23.9 | 36.4 | 27.7 | 49.2 | 49.3 | 65.2 | 60.6 | 24.5 |
| Kenge/Fufore/Oyam | 42.7 | 37.2 | 34.8 | 57.3 | 37.7 | 27.5 | 16.5 | 28.5 | 34.7 |
| Kingandu/Song/Kwania | 34.8 | 38.8 | 28.7 | 15.0 | 13.1 | 23.2 | 18.3 | 10.9 | 40.8 |
| Danger signs | |||||||||
| Unusually sleepy or unconscious | 44.0 | 28.2 | 23.8 | 68.0 | 66.7 | 61.6 | 65.0 | 87.6 | 91.7 |
| Not able to drink or feed | 61.1 | 71.8 | 47.9 | 70.4 | 60.7 | 54.5 | 62.5 | 82.5 | 78.1 |
| Vomiting everything | 14.1 | 10.6 | 26.0 | 82.5 | 71.6 | 56.9 | 78.3 | 72.1 | 65.2 |
| Convulsions | 56.0 | 45.7 | 61.7 | 55.3 | 64.5 | 82.9 | 39.8 | 25.5 | 52.0 |
| CNS involvement* | 70.9 | 59.0 | 68.1 | 81.1 | 79.8 | 89.1 | 78.6 | 90.9 | 96.9 |
| Positive malaria test at enrolment | 82.3 | 92.0 | 98.7 | 95.1 | 95.1 | 93.8 | 97.4 | 98.3 | 99.4 |
| Enrolment location | |||||||||
| Community health worker | 6.0 | 2.1 | 4.5 | 71.8 | 41.5 | 43.1 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Primary health centre | 94.0 | 97.9 | 95.5 | 28.2 | 58.5 | 56.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Enrolled during rainy season† | 90.5 | 39.9 | 47.6 | 64.6 | 78.7 | 80.1 | 61.7 | 91.2 | 52.9 |
| Enrolled on a workday | 78.8 | 68.6 | 74.8 | 78.2 | 85.8 | 82.9 | 74.9 | 76.7 | 73.0 |
| Enrolled during COVID-19 pandemic | 0.0 | 8.0 | 29.1 | 0.0 | 13.1 | 44.1 | 0.0 | 9.3 | 22.3 |
| Delay to enrolling provider | |||||||||
| 0–1 days | 26.1 | 27.7 | 33.5 | 33.0 | 31.1 | 34.1 | 48.5 | 56.7 | 64.8 |
| >1 day | 60.1 | 68.1 | 63.8 | 47.1 | 57.4 | 59.2 | 49.8 | 42.0 | 34.4 |
| Missing | 13.9 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 19.9 | 11.5 | 6.6 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
| Transport to enrolling provider | |||||||||
| No vehicle | 72.6 | 79.3 | 82.4 | 56.8 | 45.4 | 47.9 | 91.8 | 91.8 | 93.3 |
| Vehicle | 12.5 | 15.4 | 15.0 | 25.7 | 43.2 | 46.0 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 6.1 |
| Missing | 14.9 | 5.3 | 2.6 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 6.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
| Time to referral health facility (min) | |||||||||
| 0–<15 | 34.0 | 39.9 | 39.1 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 16.1 | 59.6 | 57.8 | 45.9 |
| 15–<30 | 17.7 | 13.3 | 15.0 | 12.1 | 15.3 | 16.1 | 34.0 | 37.6 | 43.8 |
| 30–<60 | 20.9 | 11.2 | 15.4 | 19.9 | 26.8 | 28.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 10.2 |
| ≥60 | 19.3 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 49.5 | 37.2 | 36.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Missing | 8.2 | 28.7 | 21.2 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Child perceived fatally ill | 29.9 | 31.9 | 24.2 | 29.6 | 22.4 | 28.0 | 43.3 | 43.3 | 45.5 |
| Missing | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Home treatment | 65.2 | 76.1 | 59.9 | 24.8 | 47.5 | 39.3 | 15.2 | 13.9 | 9.9 |
| Missing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
*Convulsions, unusually sleepy or unconscious.
†DRC: October–April; Nigeria: May–October; Uganda: April–October.
CNS, central nervous system; RAS, rectal artesunate.