TABLE 3.
Independent risk factors for mortality in COVID‐19 patients between 40 and 69 years old. Next to the univariate analysis (i), multivariate models including (ii) aspartate transaminase (AST), (iii) gamma‐glutamyl‐transferase (GGT) and (iv) bilirubin at blood withdrawal after the first positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR are shown
| Parameter of interest | HR | 95% CI | p‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (i) univariate (unadjusted) analysis | |||
| Alkaline phosphatase, >ULN | 1.54 | 0.89–2.67 | .121 |
| Aspartate transaminase, >ULN | 2.10 | 1.25–3.51 | .005 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, >ULN | 0.89 | 0.51–1.55 | .671 |
| Gamma‐glutamyl transferase, >ULN | 2.31 | 1.31–4.07 | .004 |
| Bilirubin, >ULN | 2.35 | 1.27–4.35 | .007 |
| Liver disease (present vs. absent) | 2.56 | 1.41–4.65 | .002 |
| Age, 10 years | 2.04 | 1.40–3.00 | <.001 |
| Sex (male) | 1.94 | 1.12–3.36 | .019 |
| Creatinine, mg × dl−1 | 1.16 | 1.01–1.34 | .040 |
| Albumin, g × L−1 | 0.91 | 0.88–0.95 | <.001 |
| Obesity (yes) | 1.17 | 0.68–2.01 | .572 |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes) | 1.13 | 0.64–2.00 | .682 |
| Cardiovascular disease (yes) | 1.18 | 0.65–2.14 | .596 |
| Lung disease (yes) | 1.68 | 0.96–2.94 | .070 |
| Malignancy (yes) | 1.56 | 0.89–2.73 | .120 |
| (ii) multivariate (adjusted) model including AST | |||
| Aspartate transaminase, >ULN | 1.78 | 1.04–3.06 | .037 |
| Liver disease (present vs. absent) | 1.73 | 0.90–3.31 | .100 |
| Age, 10 years | 1.37 | 0.93–2.01 | .107 |
| Sex (male) | 1.52 | 0.83–2.79 | .173 |
| Creatinine, mg × dl−1 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.25 | .445 |
| Albumin, g × L−1 | 0.92 | 0.88–0.96 | <.001 |
| Lung disease (yes) | 0.79 | 0.41–1.54 | .484 |
| (iii) multivariate (adjusted) model including GGT | |||
| Gamma‐glutamyl‐transferase, >ULN | 0.88 | 0.45–1.74 | .719 |
| Liver disease (present vs. absent) | 1.93 | 1.03–3.63 | .040 |
| Age, 10 years | 1.33 | 0.91–1.95 | .139 |
| Sex (male) | 1.66 | 0.91–3.04 | .099 |
| Creatinine, mg × dl−1 | 1.04 | 0.89–1.22 | .617 |
| Albumin, g × L−1 | 0.93 | 0.89–0.97 | <.001 |
| Lung disease (yes) | 0.85 | 0.44–1.66 | .643 |
| Age, 10 years | 1.37 | 0.93–2.01 | .107 |
| (iv) multivariate (adjusted) model including bilirubin | |||
| Bilirubin, >ULN | 2.18 | 1.15–4.13 | .017 |
| Liver disease (present vs. absent) | 1.65 | 0.86–3.14 | .130 |
| Age, 10 years | 1.49 | 0.81–2.73 | .186 |
| Sex (male) | 1.52 | 0.83–2.79 | .199 |
| Creatinine, mg × dl−1 | 1.07 | 0.91–1.26 | .431 |
| Albumin, g × L−1 | 0.93 | 0.89–0.96 | <.001 |
| Lung disease (yes) | 0.81 | 0.42–1.55 | .525 |
p‐values depicting statistically significant differences are presented as bold values.