TABLE 1.
Demographic, clinical, laboratory, electrophysiological, and imaging features of patients with GBS and COVID‐19 based on published literature
| ADIP | AMSAN | AMAN | Mixed | NA | All GBS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75] | [57, 67, 76, 77, 78, 79, 98] | [67, 80, 81, 82, 97] | [83, 84, 85] | [65, 71, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96] | [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97] |
| No. of patients % (n/total) | 59.8 (55/92) | 13.0 (12/92) | 5.4 (5/92) | 3.3 (3/92) | 18.5 (17/92) | 100 (92/92) |
| Type of study, no. of patients | ||||||
| CR | 31 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 52 |
| CS | 18 | 7 | 1 | — | 6 | 32 |
| Other | 6 | — | — | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Age of onset (mean ± SD, range) | 58.1 ± 13.8 (11‐94) | 58.6 ± 17.2 (23‐88) | 33.4 ± 20.7 (15‐57) | 45 ± 28.2 (21‐76) | 50.9 ± 20.4 (18‐84) | 55.2 ± 17.3 (11‐94) |
| Gender %males (n/total) | 60 (33/55) | 58.3 (7/12) | 100 (5/5) | 100 (3/3) | 52.9 (9/17) | 62.0% (57/92) |
| Onset relative to COVID mean ± SD days (range) | 13.5 ± 8.7 (−8, 33) | 9.6 ± 8.9 (−3, 27) | 13.6 ± 12.8 (3, 18) | 15.7 ± 5.5 (10, 21) | 11.4 ± 6.3 (3, 21) | 12.2 ± 8.3 (−8, 33) |
| GBS phenotype % (n) | ||||||
| Classic | 76.4 (42) | 91.7 (11) | — | 66.7 (2) | 58.8 (10) | 70.7 (65) |
| Variant | 16.4 (9) | 8.3 (1) | 100 (5) | 33.3 (1) | 5.9 (1) | 18.5 (17) |
| MFS | 7.2 (4) | — | — | — | 35.3 (6) | 10.9 (10) |
| GBS presenting symptoms % (n) | ||||||
| Motor LE | 32.7 (18) | 50 (6) | 0 | 0 | 35.3 (6) | 32.6 (30) |
| Motor UE | 1.8 (1) | 0 | 20.0 (1) | 0 | 0 | 2.2 (2) |
| Tetraparesis | 29.1 (16) | 16.7 (2) | 0 | 0 | 17.6 (3) | 22.8 (21) |
| Sensory | 60.0 (33) | 33.3 (4) | 0 | 100 (3) | 47.1 (8) | 52.2 (48) |
| Pain | 5.5 (3) | 0 | 40.0 (2) | 0 | 11.8 (2) | 7.6 (7) |
| Cranial nerve | 10.9 (6) | 16.7 (2) | 0 | 0 | 16.7 (7) | 16.3 (15) |
| Autonomic | 0 | 0 | 20.0 (1) | 0 | 0 | 1.1 (1) |
| Respiratory failure % (n) | ||||||
| Yes | 34.6 (18) | 33.3 (4) | 66.7 (2) | 0 | 15.4 (2) | 32.1 (26) |
| No | 65.4 (34) | 66.7 (7) | 33.3 (1) | 100 (2) | 84.6 (11) | 67.9 (55) |
| Autonomic involvement % (n) | ||||||
| Yes | 17.0 (8) | 25.0 (2) | 33.3 (1) | 50.0 (1) | 41.7 (2) | 19.4 (14) |
| No | 83.0 (39) | 75.0 (6) | 66.7 (2) | 50.0 (1) | 83.3 (10) | 80.6 (58) |
|
Time to nadir mean ± SD days (range) |
6.2 ± 3.9 (2‐15) | 5.8 ± 5.0 (2‐14) | 3 | 3 | 7.7 ± 8.7 (1‐25) | 6.1 ± 4.9 (1‐25) |
| CSF findings | ||||||
| ACD % (n) | 68.1 (32) | 90.0 (9) | 75 (3) | 100 (3) | 84.6 (11) | 75.3 (58) |
| PCR +/n tested | 0/29 | 0/6 | 0/4 | 0/1 | 0/7 | 0/47 |
| Antiganglioside ab +/n tested | 1/27 | 0/3 | 1/3 | ½ | 3/9 | 6/44 |
| DDx labs +/n tested | 0/23 | 0/2 | 0/2 | ½ | 0/2 | 1/31 |
| MRI findings | ||||||
| Brain (+, − ) | 2+, 11− | 1+, 3− | 0, 3− | 1+, 0 | 2+, 5− | 6+, 22− |
| Spine (+, − ) | 6+, 12− | 1+, 4− | 1+, 2− | 0, 1− | 0+, 4− | 8+, 23− |
| NA | 24 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 40 |
| Brighton criteria % (n) | ||||||
| I | 78.4 (40) | 72.7 (8) | 50.0 (2) | 100 (2) | 7.1 (1) | 64.6 (53) |
| II | 21.6 (11) | 27.3 (3) | 50.0 (2) | 0 | 64.3 (9) | 30.5 (25) |
| III | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28.6 (4) | 4.9 (4) |
| GBS therapy % (n) | ||||||
| IVIG | 88.9 (48) | 75.0 (9) | 100 (5) | 33.3 (1) | 64.7 (11) | 81.3 (74) |
| PEX | 11.1 (6) | 16.7 (2) | 0 | 100 (3) | 23.5 (4) | 16.5 (15) |
| ICU | 38.9 (21) | 41.7 (5) | 25.0 (1) | 66.7 (2) | 23.5 (4) | 36.3 (33) |
| IV | 22.2 (12) | 25.0 (3) | 25.0 (1) | 33.3 (1) | 17.6 (3) | 21.9 (20) |
| NIV | 1.9 (1) | 8.3 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 (2) |
| Steroids | 1.9 (1) | 0 | 0 | 33.3 (1) | 5.9 (1) | 3.3 (3) |
| No treatment | 1.9 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.8 (2) | 3.3 (3) |
| GBS outcome (DS) % (n) | ||||||
| ≤2/6 | 59.0 (23) | 33.3 (3) | 40.0 (2) | 100 (2) | 62.5 (10) | 55.5 (40) |
| 3‐4/6 | 23.1 (9) | 33.3 (3) | 45.0 (2) | 0 | 31.1 (5) | 26.3 (19) |
| 5‐6/6 | 17.9 (7) | 33.3 (3) | 20.0 (1) | 0 | 6.3 (1) | 16.7 (12) |
| Death | 3.6 (2/55) | 25.0 (3/12) | 0 | 0 | 5.8 (1/17) | 6.5 (6/92) |
Note: Percentages are observed cases/cases where the information is available, unless otherwise reported.
Abbreviations: ACD, albuminocytologic dissociation; AIDP, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; AMSAN, acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy; Antiganglioside ab, antiganglioside antibodies; CR, case reports; CS, case series; DDx, differential diagnosis; DS, disability score; GBS, Guillain‐Barré syndrome; IV, invasive ventilation; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; LE, lower extremity; NIV, non‐invasive ventilation; PEX, prefer plasmapheresis; UE, upper extremity; +/n tested, positive cases/overall tested cases.