TABLE 2.
Summary of literature reports on isolated cranial neuropathies temporally associated with COVID‐19
| Nerve | References | Age (years) | Sex | Temporal association (days) | Topography | Distinctive features | EDX | Imaging | CSF (proteins; cells; RT‐PCR) | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | [111] | 21 | M | 0 | B | None | NA | T2‐hyperintensity | NA | HXQ (COVID‐19) | Persistent anosmia |
| [112] | 70 | M | NA | B | Leukocytic infiltrates and axonal damage on autopsy | NA | NA | NA | HXQ (COVID‐19) | NA | |
| [112] | 79 | M | NA | NA | Leukocytic infiltrates and axonal damage on autopsy | NA | NA | NA | HXQ (COVID‐19) | NA | |
| II | [113] | 62 | F | +21 | L | Non convulsive status epilepticus | Delayed VEP | Enhancement of nerve and cortex | ↑; N; Neg | Tocilizumab, DEXA (COVID‐19) | Persistent nerve enhancement |
| [114] | 50 | F | +2 | R | Pain; uveitis and papillitis | NA | NA | N; N; Neg | Oral and topical steroids | Macular atrophy | |
| III | [115] | 24 | F | +3 | R | None | NA | NA | NA | Chloroquine, azithromycin (COVID‐19) | Complete |
| [116] | 62 | M | 0 | L | None | NA | NA | NA | Antiviral, IVIG, IV steroids | Death due to respiratory failure | |
| VI | [96] | 71 | F | NA | R | None | NA | Nerve enhancement | N; N; NA | HXQ (COVID‐19) | No change |
| [93] | 39 | M | +3 | B | Possible MFS | NA | NA | ↑; N; Neg | Supportive | Complete | |
| [135] | 52 | M | +2 | L | None | NA | NA | NA | Supportive | Complete | |
| [135] | 43 | F | +3 | L | None | NA | NA | NA | Supportive | NA | |
| VII | [117] | 35 | F | +2 | R | Unilateral ageusia | NA | NA | N; N; Neg | Phytotherapy | Complete |
| [118] | 37 | M | +12 | R | Myocarditis; anti‐ganglioside abs | NA | NA | ↑; ↑; Neg | Doxycycline | Complete | |
| [119] | 27 | M | +6 | L | Severe headache | NA | Nerve enhancement | N; N; Neg | Oral steroids, valacyclovir | No change | |
| [120] | 57 | M | +7 | L | NA | Absent BR | NA | N; N; Neg | Supportive | Complete | |
| [121] | 43 | F | 0 | R | NA | NA | NA | NA | Oral steroids | Partial | |
| [121] | 25 | F | 0 | R | NA | NA | NA | N; N; Neg | Oral steroids, acyclovir | Complete | |
| [121] | 33 | F | 0 | R | NA | NA | NA | NA | Oral steroids, acyclovir | Partial | |
| [121] | 26 | F | +2 to +10 | R | NA | NA | Nerve enhancement | N; N; Neg | Oral steroids | Complete | |
| [121] | 50 | F | +2 to +10 | L | NA | NA | NA | ↑; N; Neg | Oral steroids | Partial | |
| [121] | 38 | F | +2 to +10 | L | NA | NA | NA | N; N; Neg | Supportive | Complete | |
| [121] | 39 | F | +2 to +10 | R | NA | NA | NA | N; N; Neg | Oral steroids | Complete | |
| [121] | 34 | M | +2 to +10 | L | NA | NA | NA | N; N; Neg | IV steroids | Complete | |
| [122] | 48 | M | +8 | L | None | NA | NA | NA | IV steroids | Partial | |
| [123] | 25 | M | 0 | L | NA | NA | NA | NA | Oral steroids, valaciclovir | Partial | |
| [123] | 34 | M | +8 | R | NA | NA | NA | NA | Oral steroids, valaciclovir | Complete | |
| [124] | 28 | F | +3 | R | 36 weeks of gestation | NA | NA | NA | Oral steroids, valacyclovir | Complete | |
| [125] | 20 | M | +7 | B | EBV co‐infection | Delayed BR; denervation | Bilateral nerve enhancement | ↑; N; Neg | NA | Complete | |
| [126] | 44 | M | NA | B | Severe ageusia | NA | NA | ↑; N; Neg | IVIG | Partial | |
| [127] | 61 | M | +10 | B | NA | NA | ↑; N; Neg | Oral steroids | No change | ||
| VII+V | [128] | 58 | M | +5 | L | Dysgeusia | NA | NA | NA | Valacyclovir | Complete |
| VIII | [129] | 52 | M | +3 | L | Preceded by tinnitus | NA | NA | NA | Intratympanic and IV steroids | Complete |
| [130] | 29 | M | NA | R | Asymptomatic COVID‐19 testing | NA | NA | NA | HXQ (COVID‐19) | Complete | |
| [131] | 60 | M | +12 | B | Concomitant delirium; tinnitus | Altered BAER | Enhancement R cochlea and temporal bone | NA | Intratympanic steroids | NA | |
| X + XII | [132] | 62 | M | +16 | L | Prone ventilation | NA | NA | NA | Supportive | No change |
| XII | [133] | 42 | M | +30 | B | CBH; delirium; prone ventilation | Denervation | NA | N; N; Neg | IVIG | Partial |
| [134] | 24 | M | +13 | R | Delirium; orothracheal intubation | NA | NA | NA | Physical therapy | Partial |
Abbreviations: B, bilateral; BAER, brainstem auditory evoked response; BR, blink reflex; CBH, Claude Bernard Horner syndrome; CIPN, critical illness polyneuropathy; DEXA, dexamethasone; HXQ, hydroxychloroquine; L, left; N, normal; NA, not available; Neg, negative; R, right; VEP, visual evoked potentials.