TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics, presenting symptoms and COVID‐19 severity among hospitalized COVID‐19 versus kidney disease patients
| KD (N = 312) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 6078 | No KD (N = 5766) | CKD N = 100 (1.6%) | AKI N = 212 (3.5%) | p value d | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 37.3 (16.8) | 36.2 (16.2) | 59.6 (12.2) | 56.2 (15.2) | .0001 a |
| Age group, n (%) | <.0001 b | ||||
| ≤30 years | 2607 (42.9) | 2585 (44.8) | 1 (1.0) | 21 (9.9) | |
| 31–50 years | 1945 (32.0) | 1876 (32.6) | 21 (21.0) | 45 (21.3) | |
| 51–70 years | 1351 (22.2) | 1174 (20.4) | 60 (60.0) | 117 (55.2) | |
| ≥71 years | 174 (2.9) | 127 (2.2) | 18 (18.0) | 29 (13.7) | |
| Male gender, n (%) | 4303 (70.8) | 4043 (70.0) | 77 (77.0) | 183 (86.3) | <.0001 b |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | <.0001 b | ||||
| Malay | 3609 (59.4) | 3403 (59.0) | 68 (68) | 138 (65.1) | |
| Chinese | 405 (6.7) | 370 (6.4) | 14 (14) | 21 (9.9) | |
| Indian | 138 (2.3) | 125 (2.2) | 7 (7) | 6 (2.8) | |
| Other Malaysian | 1926 (31.7) | 1868 (32.4) | 11 (11) | 47 (22.2) | |
| Presence of comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 954 (15.7) | 768 (13.3) | 81 (81.0) | 105 (49.5) | <.0001 b |
| Diabetes mellitus | 599 (9.9) | 454 (7.9) | 60 (60.0) | 85 (40.1) | <.0001 b |
| Chronic cardiac disease | 196 (3.2) | 142 (2.5) | 27 (27.0) | 27 (12.7) | <.0001 b |
| Obesity | 95 (1.6) | 83 (1.4) | 3 (3.0) | 9 (4.3) | .004 c |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (except asthma) | 35 (0.6) | 26 (0.5) | 3 (3.0) | 6 (2.8) | <.0001 c |
| Presenting symptoms, n (%) | |||||
| Fever | 1821 (30.0) | 1641 (28.5) | 51 (51.0) | 129 (60.9) | <.0001 b |
| Cough | 1958 (32.2) | 1767 (30.7) | 54 (54.0) | 137 (64.6) | <.0001 b |
| Shortness of breath | 322 (5.3) | 247 (4.3) | 24 (24.0) | 51 (24.1) | <.0001 b |
| Diarrhoea | 316 (5.2) | 257 (4.5) | 15 (15.0) | 44 (20.8) | <.0001 b |
| Nausea and/or vomiting | 116 (1.9) | 92 (1.6) | 10 (10.0) | 14 (6.6) | <.0001 c |
| Anosmia | 166 (2.7) | 163 (2.8) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | .133 b |
| Ageusia | 40 (0.7) | 40 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | .569 c |
| Case severity upon admission, n (%) | |||||
| Stage 1: Asymptomatic | 2996 (49.3) | 2948 (51.1) | 20 (20.0) | 28 (13.2) | <.0001 b |
| Stage 2: Symptomatic without pneumonia | 1882 (31.0) | 1815 (31.5) | 15 (15.0) | 52 (24.5) | |
| Stage 3: Pneumonia without hypoxia | 856 (14.1) | 796 (13.8) | 26 (26.0) | 34 (16.0) | |
| Stage 4: Pneumonia with hypoxia | 236 (3.9) | 151 (2.6) | 24 (24.0) | 61 (28.8) | |
| Stage 5: Critically ill | 63 (1.0) | 15 (0.3) | 14 (14.0) | 34 (16.0) | |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SD, standard deviation.
a
Kruskal‐Wallis test for continuous variables.
b
Chi squared test.
c
Fisher's exact test for categorical variables.
d
p value is obtained by comparing Non kidney disease patients, CKD patients and AKI patients.