Figure 1.

Blood- and imaging-based measures for identifying forms of diabetes and examining β-cell function and mass. Blood-based biomarkers include genetic and epigenetic markers, assays of autoimmunity including islet autoantibodies and T cells, measures of the efficiency of β-cell propeptide processing, and dynamic tests of β-cell secretory function. Imaging-based biomarkers include estimates of pancreas size and fat, β-cell mass, islet amyloid, and insulitis.