Table 2.
Compilation of spike protein mutations and concerning parameters in Omicron SARS-COVID 19.
| Site of S-protein mutation | Reason for concern |
|---|---|
| Asp796Tyr | Spike's sensitivity to convalescent plasma is reduced somewhat when His is substituted at this location [46]. |
| Gln498Arg | The Q498R mutation allows the virus to evade the COV2-2499 antibodies [47]. |
| Gln493Lys | The monoclonal antibody combination LY-CoV555 + LY-CoV016 fails to neutralise Q493R/K mutations [48]. In terms of binding with ACE2 and expression of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike, mutations at Q493 are often well-accepted. When particularly in comparison with the unmutated spike protein, Q493K imparts a higher than two log decrease in IC50 for the REGN10989/10934 set of monoclonal antibodies [49]. |
| Glu484Ala | Resistance to monoclonal antibodies 1B07 and 2B04 is mediated by the E484A mutation [50]. |
| Thr478Lys | Delta also has the T478K mutation. Resistance to neutralising antibodies has been achieved by other mutations at this region [50]. |
| Ser477Asn | Numerous monoclonal antibodies were unable to neutralise the S477N mutation in the spike protein, resulting in a level of resistance throughout the complete antibodies panel [50]. |
| Gly446Ser | In different variants other mutations at this location resulted in resistance from number of antibodies [47,50]. |
| Asn440Lys | The N440K mutation has been identified as an ‘immune escape variant’ in a virus obtained in India and is related to patient re-infection, against the human monoclonal antibody C135, in response to the selection pressureN440K was developed [51,52]. |
| Deletion at Val143-Tyr144-Tyr145 | In spike alpha variant Y144-Y145 deletion is observed. By this deletion alpha variant provides resistance to number of antibodies in NTD. Mutations in this location prevent monoclonal antibody 4A8 from binding [53,54]. |
Asp: aspartate; Tyr: tyrosine; GLN: glutamine; Arg: arginine; Lys: lysine; Glu: glutamic acid; Ala: alanine; Thr: threonine; Ser: serine; Asn: asparagine; Gly: glycine; Val: valine; NTD: N terminal domain; RBD: receptor binding domain; ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme receptor 2.