Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis

	Study characteristics							Prevalence of IPV
	Year	Country	Setting	Assessment tool	Sample size	Type of infertility	Duration of violence	Overall	Psychological	Physical	Sexual	Economic	Risk of bias
Leung et al, 200525	2000–01	China	Hospital or clinic based	Modified Abuse Assessment Screen	500*	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	1·8%	..	..	..	..	High
Sami and Ali, 200626	2003	Pakistan	Hospital or clinic based	Researcher-made questionnaire	400	Secondary	Lifetime	..	Blame for infertility: 38·2%; threat of divorce: 7·8%	9·0%	..	..	High
Li et al, 200513	2004	China	Family planning centre	Researcher-made questionnaire	687	Primary	Past 12 months	10·5%	3·2%	5·1%	1·0%	1·2%	Low
Guo et al, 200614	2004	China	Family planning centre	Researcher-made questionnaire	490	Primary	Past 12 months	26·9%	17·6%	22·7%	2·7%	4·3%	Low
Yildizhan et al, 200927	2007–08	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Modified Abuse Assessment Screen	122	Primary (Female factor)	Lifetime	33·6%	Verbal: 21·3%; ridicule: 14·8%; threat of divorce: 29·5%	10·7%	2·5%	9·8%	High
Dhont et al, 201128	2007–09	Rwanda	Community based	Researcher-made questionnaire	312*	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	..	Threat: 17·3%; chased: 26·9%	Beaten: 23·4%; hurt: 14·1%	11·9%	..	Low
Omoaregba et al, 201129	2008	Nigeria	Hospital or clinic based	Researcher-made questionnaire	100*	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	Verbal and physical: 35·0%	..	..	..	..	High
Edirne et al, 201012	2009	Turkey	Family planning centre	Researcher-made questionnaire	82	Primary or secondary	Past 12 months	87·8%	..	..	..	..	High
Ardabily et al, 20119	2009–10	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	Revised Conflict Tactics Scale	400	Primary (Female factor)	Past 12 months	61·8%	33·8%	20·0%	8·0%	..	High
Aduloju et al, 201530	2012–13	Nigeria	Hospital or clinic based	Modified Abuse Assessment Screen	170	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	31·2%	..	..	..	..	High
Farzadi et al, 201431	2013	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	Researcher-made questionnaire	200	Primary or secondary	Past 12 months	..	82·0%	45·0%	54·0%	..	High
Iliyasu et al, 20168	2013	Nigeria	Hospital or clinic based	Revised Conflict Tactics Scale	373	Primary or secondary	Past 12 months	35·9%	Non-verbal 33·8%; verbal: 12·6%	6·7%	29·8%	23·9%	Low
Sahin et al, 201811	2013	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Researcher-made questionnaire	774	Primary or secondary	Past 12 months	15·0%	Non-verbal 12·5%; verbal: 2·5%	2·5%	4·9%	0·0%	Moderate
Satheesan and Satyaranayana, 201832	2013–14	India	Hospital or clinic based	Domestic Violence Questionnaire	30	Primary (Female factor)	Lifetime	46·7%	46·0%	16·0%	7·0%	..	Moderate
Akpinar et al, 201933	2014–2015	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Modified Abuse Assessment Screen	142	Primary (Female factor)	Lifetime	47·9%	36·6%	9·2%	2·8%	..	High
Rahebi et al, 201934	2015	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	WHO Violence Against Women instrument	200*	Primary	Lifetime	83·5%	70·0%	68·0%	60·0%	..	Moderate
Alijani et al, 201935	2015–16	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	Revised Conflict Tactics Scales	379	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	88·9%	Non-verbal 85·8%; verbal: 48·3%	25·9%	28·8%	88·9%	High
Bondade et al, 201836	2016	India	Hospital or clinic based	WHO Violence Against Women instrument	100	Primary	Lifetime	50·0%	34·0%	11·0%	5·0%	50·0%	Moderate
Sis Çelik and Kırca, 201837	2016	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale	423	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	67·4%	..	..	..	..	Low
Ghoneim et al, 202138	2016–19	Egypt	Hospital or clinic based	NorVold Domestic Abuse Questionnaire	306*	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	..	41·2%	..	..	..	Moderate
Poornowrooz et al, 201939	2017	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	Domestic Violence Inventory	147*	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	56·5%	52·4%	34·0%	27·2%	..	High
Coşkuner Potur et al, 201940	2017	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale	315	Primary or secondary	Lifetime	..	47·3%	7·6%	0·6%	..	Moderate
Ghaly et al, 201941	2017–18	Egypt	Hospital or clinic based	Infertile Women's Exposure to Violence Determination Scale	300	Primary	Lifetime	..	96·3%	50·7%	45·7%	..	High
Silwal and Thapa, 202010	2018	Nepal	Hospital or clinic based	Nepal demographic and health survey: items on domestic violence	112	Primary or secondary	Past 12 months	30·4%	..	..	..	..	High
Nabi et al, 202042	2018–19	India	Hospital or clinic based	WHO Violence Against Women instrument	100	Primary	Lifetime	51·0%	29·0%	16·0%	6·0%	..	Moderate
Akyüz et al, 201343†	2009	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Scale for marital violence against women	228*	Primary	Lifetime	67·2 (±8·0)	Non-verbal 16·2 (±2·0); verbal: 13·7 (±2·1)	10·5 (±1·7)	12·5 (±2·2)	14·4 (±2·6)	Moderate
Akyüz et al, 201444†	2009	Turkey	Hospital or clinic based	Scale for marital violence against women	139	Primary	Lifetime	67·0 (±8·3)	..	..	..	..	Moderate
Taebi et al, 201645†	2013	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	Partner Abuse Scale: Non-physical	131	Primary infertility	Lifetime	20·3 (±13·4)	..	..	..	..	High
Sheikhan et al, 201446†	2010–11	Iran	Hospital or clinic based	Researcher-made questionnaire	400	Primary or secondary	Past 3 months	34·7%	74·3%	5·3%	47·3%	..	High
Mansour and Mohdy, 201847†	2017–18	Egypt	Hospital or clinic based	Researcher-made questionnaire	246	Primary or secondary (Female factor)	Past 3 months	..	Embarrassing or humiliating in front of others: 83·7%; restricting women's relationships with her family: 57·3%; scurrility, humiliation, or yelling: 42·3%	Kicking: 76·0%; slapping: 71·5%; pushing or shoving: 71·1%	Abstaining: 79·7%; showing dissatisfaction: 75·2%; intimidate wife to have sex: 45·5%	Cutting financial allowance: 48·0%	High

Prevalence data are provided as % (SD) or score (SD); SD was not always available. If a study reported two or more items separately in a violence subtype (such as verbal, ridicule, and threat of divorce in psychological violence, or beaten and hurt in physical violence), we used the maximum prevalence value when performing meta-analysis. IPV=intimate partner violence.

^*Sample size of infertile women, rather than the total sample size in each study.

^†Only included in systematic review, excluded from meta-analysis.