Table 4.
Studies that implemented compassion interventions
| Study | Country | Setting | Design (evaluation) | Intervention | Participants | Outcomes (improved) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saab et al. [69] | UK (Ireland) | Hospital – Nurse and midwifery unit | 1 group (quantitative – survey) | Leaders for Compassionate Care Programme (LCCP): To empower leaders while supporting their teams in delivering high-quality and compassionate patient-centered care. | Clinical nurse/midwife manager (n = 73); Clinical nurse/midwife specialist (n = 3); Assistant director nursing/midwife (n = 2); Advanced nurse/midwife practitioner (n = 1) |
The Leaders for Compassionate Care Outcomes Evaluation Questionnaire (LCCOEQ) that measured outcomes related to 4 domains of leadership practice: (1) Understanding of context (yes) (2) Introduction to skills in quality improvement and management of change (yes) (3) Personal development (yes) (4) Relational development (yes) |
| MacArthur et al. [70] | UK | Beacon wards and developmental sites: acute care, long-term care, mental health, palliative care. |
1 group (qualitative) |
Leaders for Compassionate Care Programme (LCCP): To embed and sustain a culture of compassionate care within the reality of modern health care environments |
Stakeholders: Charge nurses and nurse managers (n = 14); Practitioners: Senior nurses within the LCC programme (n = 7); Policy makers: Senior individuals in the NHS organization and higher education institution (n = 5) |
Relationships – changes between groups and individuals over time as a result of the exploration of the meaning of compassionate care and the introduction of methods for giving and receiving feedback (yes) Care delivery – new approaches, attitudes and behaviours influenced by practice development techniques that placed emphasis on values and expression of emotions (yes) Developments in practice – specific action projects that had been initiated by staff as a result of the action research elements of the LCC Programme (yes) |
| Smith et al. [71] |
UK (Scotland) |
Not reported | 1 group longitudinal (Mixed methods; 2 phases) |
Valuing Feedback (VF) Programme: To develop learning materials focused on gathering feedback to support the development of compassionate care practice. |
Healthcare providers and managers (N = 132). |
Phase 1: evaluation questions during the three sessions conducted in each participating NHS Board Phase 2: online survey and a semi-structured telephone interview to determine the impact of the programme on participants’ practice over time |
| Gould et al. [97] | UK | Medical and Surgical Wards | 2 group (intervention or control) pre-post (quantitative) |
Creating Learning Environments for Compassionate Care (CLECC): To embed ward-based manager and team practices including dialogue, reflective learning and mutual support to enhance team capacity to provide compassionate care. |
Patients (n = 273); Healthcare assistants (n = 74), staff nurses (n = 74), and sisters/charge nurses (n = 18) |
Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) on staff-patient interactions (yes) Patient-reported Evaluation of Emotional Care during Hospitalisation (PEECH) tool on emotional care (yes) Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) (Physician / HP version) (no) |