Fig. 1.

Overview of the proposed error simulation framework. A systematic error simulation model is established to model both the whole sequence lost error and the within-sequence error in the special context of DNA data storage. The model takes encoded DNA sequences as inputs and generated simulated sequencing results similar to real experiments. By analyzing the error profile and decoding status of the simulated results, redundancy of the error correction code can be optimized, providing a systematic approach for optimizing encoding designs