Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Variable | All Patients [n = 261] |
Good Prognosis [n = 189] |
Poor Prognosis [n = 72] |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 68 ± 13.4 | 68 ± 13.6 | 71 ± 12.8 | 0.100 |
| Sex (Male; %) | 171 (65.5) | 119 (63.0) | 52 (72.2) | 0.160 |
| BMI (Kg/sqm) | 27.4 ± 5.67 | 27.0 ± 5.60 | 28.2 ± 5.78 | 0.204 |
| Bilateral Pneumonia (%) | 162 (62.1) | 104 (55.0) | 58 (80.6) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary Embolism (%) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.4) | 1.000 |
| Respiratory rate (a.p.m.) | 22 ± 5.0 | 20 ± 4.0 | 25 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Peripheral O2 saturation (%) | 92 ± 4.1 | 93 ± 3.5 | 90 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| GCS (<15; n) | 28 (10.7) | 16 (8.5) | 12 (16.7) | 0.056 |
| Anamnesis | ||||
| CKD (%) | 44 (16.9) | 16 (8.5) | 28 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 144 (55.2) | 101 (53.4) | 43 (59.7) |
0.362 |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease (%) | 46 (17.6) | 30 (15.9) | 16 (22.2) | 0.229 |
| Diabetes (%) | 66 (25.3) | 45 (23.8) | 21 (29.2) | 0.373 |
| Smoking habit (%) | 36 (13.8) | 20 (10.6) | 16 (22.2) | 0.015 |
| CHF (%) | 20 (7.7) | 10 (5.3) | 10 (13.9) | 0.020 |
| CAD (%) | 47 (18.0) | 25 (13.2) | 22 (30.6) | 0.001 |
| Liver Disease (%) | 51 (19.5) | 29 (15.3) | 22 (30.6) | 0.006 |
| Chronic Neurological Disease (%) | 58 (22.2) | 36 (19.0) | 22 (30.6) | 0.046 |
| Dementia (%) | 39 (14.9) | 22 (11.6) | 17 (23.6) | 0.015 |
| Autoimmune Disease (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| HIV/AIDS (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Cancer (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Obesity (%) | 52 (19.9) | 34 (18.0) | 18 (25.0) | 0.205 |
| Number of Comorbidities (n) | 1 [0; 2] | 1 [0; 2] | 2 [1; 4] | <0.001 |
| Arterial blood gas assay | ||||
| pCO2 (KPa) | 4.5 [4.1; 5.0] | 4.5 [4.1; 4.9] | 4.7 [4.0; 5.2] | 0.171 |
| pO2 (KPa) | 9.1 [8.1; 10.5] 23.6 ± 3.10 |
9.3 [8.5; 10.8] 23.8 ± 2.74 |
8.6 [7.7; 10.1] 23.0 ± 3.85 |
0.003 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 0.163 | |||
| Lactic acid (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.80 | 1.2 ± 0.69 | 1.5 ± 1.02 | 0.049 |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 139 ± 18.6 | 141 ± 17.4 | 135 ± 21.1 | 0.052 |
| PLTS (*10E9/L) | 190 ± 73.3 | 187 ± 71.4 | 199 ± 77.7 | 0.238 |
| `WBC (*10E9/L) | 6.6 ± 3.30 | 6.4 ± 3.08 | 6.9 ± 3.80 | 0.242 |
| Neutrophils (*10E9/L) | 5.3 ± 4.22 | 5.3 ± 4.74 | 5.5 ± 3.61 | 0.806 |
| Lymphocytes (*10E9/L) | 1.0 ± 0.92 | 1.1 ± 0.84 | 0.9 ± 0.81 | 0.533 |
| Monocytes (*10E9/L) | 0.4 ± 0.23 | 0.4 ± 0.19 | 0.4 ± 0.30 | 0.868 |
| Eosinophils (*10E9/L) | 0.06 ± 0.043 | 0.06 ± 0.034 | 0.07 ± 0.029 | 0.780 |
| Basophils (*10E9/L) | 0.06 ± 0.051 | 0.05 ± 0.032 | 0.06 ± 0.028 | 0.905 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 47 [21; 98] | 40 [18; 86] | 69 [35; 137] | 0.003 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 0.76 [0.50; 1.41] | 0.67 [0.48; 1.15] | 1.08 [0.66; 2.35] | <0.001 |
| PT-INR (a.u.) |
1.2 ± 0.62 |
1.2 ± 0.53 |
1.4 ± 0.81 |
0.097 |
| aPTT (sec) | 32 ± 7.1 | 31 ± 6.1 | 34 ± 8.8 | 0.031 |
| LDH (U/L) | 467 [381; 633] | 462 [375; 601] | 484 [392; 776] | 0.079 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 7.2 ± 5.06 | 6.4 ± 3.50 | 9.4 ± 7.38 | 0.001 |
| Troponin I (ng/L) | 14 [8; 29] | 12 [6; 19] | 25 [13; 66] | <0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||
| 4C Mortality Score (n) | 9 ± 4.0 | 8 ± 3.7 | 11 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization (days) | 9 [2; 16] | 8 [2; 14] | 14 [7; 26] |
<0.001 |
| Time to OTI / Death (days) | N.A. | N.A. | 7 [4; 12] | N.A. |
| Low-flow O2 Treatment (%) | 222 (85.1) | 158 (83.6) | 64 (88.9) | 0.284 |
| High-flow O2 Treatment (%) | 94 (36.0) | 41 (21.7) | 53 (73.6) | <0.001 |
| Orotracheal Intubation (%) | 36 (13.8) | N.A. | 36 (50.0) |
N.A. |
| Death (%) | 50 (19.2) | N.A. | 50 (69.4) | N.A. |
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients admitted to hospital for SARS-CoV2 infection and pneumonia (n = 261) stratified according to prognosis; a poor prognosis is defined as need of orotracheal intubation (OTI) or death. GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; CKD, Chronic Kidney Disease (defined as eGFR <60 mL/min); CHF, Chronic Heart Failure (defined as ejection fraction <35%), CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; Liver disease, defined as chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis with or without portal hypertension; Chronic neurological disease, defined as presence of Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease, history of major cerebrovascular accident; HIV/AIDS, infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; WBC, White Blood Cells; PT-INR, Thrombin Time - International Normalized Ratio; aPTT, activated Partial Thromboplastin Time; LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase; N.A., Not Applicable. 4C Mortality Score was calculated as detailed in Knight SR et al. 2020. [5] Comorbidities were defined using the Charlson comorbidities index. [36] A p < 0.05 was considered significant and shown in bold.