Table 1.
Primary cohort characteristics
| Characteristic | Full Cohort, n (%) |
SOFA <6, n (%) |
SOFA 6–8, n (%) |
SOFA 9–11, n (%) |
SOFA ⩾12, n (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients (row %) | 20,045 (100.0) | 18,446 (92.0) | 1,052 (5.3) | 337 (1.7) | 210 (1.1) | |
| COVID-19 positive | 1,894 (9.5) | 1,702 (9.2) | 146 (13.9) | 32 (9.5) | 14 (6.7) | |
| Sex, male | 10,179 (50.8) | 9,289 (50.4) | 565 (53.7) | 201 (59.6) | 124 (59.0) | |
| Age, median (IQR), yr | 61 (49–72) | 61 (48–72) | 68 (58–79) | 68 (58–77) | 69 (60–79) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4,358 (21.7) | 4,050 (22.0) | 165 (15.7) | 91 (27.0) | 52 (24.8) | |
| Hispanic White | 9,849 (49.1) | 9,021 (48.9) | 554 (52.7) | 166 (49.3) | 108 (51.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3,791 (18.9) | 3,505 (19.0) | 226 (21.5) | 30 (8.9) | 30 (14.3) | |
| Hispanic Black | 513 (2.6) | 473 (2.6) | 30 (2.9) | 7 (2.1) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Other* | 796 (4.0) | 729 (4.0) | 42 (4.0) | 17 (5.0) | 8 (3.8) | |
| Unknown | 738 (3.7) | 668 (3.6) | 35 (3.3) | 26 (7.7) | 9 (4.3) | |
| Primary insurer type | ||||||
| Commercial Insurance | 7,572 (37.8) | 7,186 (39.0) | 218 (20.7) | 111 (32.9) | 57 (27.1) | |
| Medicaid | 2,496 (12.5) | 2,339 (12.7) | 123 (11.7) | 18 (5.3) | 16 (7.6) | |
| Medicare | 8,588 (42.8) | 7,601 (41.2) | 657 (62.5) | 196 (58.2) | 134 (63.8) | |
| Other | 428 (2.1) | 408 (2.2) | 14 (1.3) | 4 (1.2) | 2 (1.0) | |
| Not Recorded | 961 (4.8) | 912 (4.9) | 40 (3.8) | 8 (2.4) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | ||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 3,363 (16.8) | 2,695 (14.6) | 454 (43.2) | 122 (36.2) | 92 (43.8) | |
| Valvular disease | 3,631 (18.1) | 2,962 (16.1) | 376 (35.7) | 165 (49.0) | 128 (61.0) | |
| Pulmonary circulation dis. | 1,045 (5.2) | 931 (5.0) | 92 (8.7) | 14 (4.2) | 8 (3.8) | |
| Peripheral vascular dis. | 3,516 (17.5) | 3,064 (16.6) | 305 (29.0) | 82 (24.3) | 65 (31.0) | |
| Hypertension | 13,396 (66.8) | 12,034 (65.2) | 914 (86.9) | 277 (82.2) | 171 (81.4) | |
| Paralysis | 1,136 (5.7) | 1,013 (5.5) | 86 (8.2) | 21 (6.2) | 16 (7.6) | |
| Other neurologic dis. | 4,593 (22.9) | 3,981 (21.6) | 446 (42.4) | 103 (30.6) | 63 (30.0) | |
| Chronic pulmonary dis. | 4,815 (24.0) | 4,296 (23.3) | 377 (35.8) | 84 (24.9) | 58 (27.6) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14,395 (71.8) | 13,394 (0.0) | 611 (0.0) | 236 (0.0) | 154 (0.0) | |
| Uncomplicated | 5,650 (28.2) | 5,052 (27.4) | 441 (41.9) | 101 (30.0) | 56 (26.7) | |
| Complicated | 4,916 (24.5) | 4,155 (22.5) | 553 (52.6) | 131 (38.9) | 77 (36.7) | |
| Hypothyroidism | 3,108 (15.5) | 2,747 (14.9) | 240 (22.8) | 70 (20.8) | 51 (24.3) | |
| Renal failure | 3,974 (19.8) | 3,174 (17.2) | 581 (55.2) | 122 (36.2) | 97 (46.2) | |
| Liver disease | 3,350 (16.7) | 2,943 (16.0) | 279 (26.5) | 73 (21.7) | 55 (26.2) | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1,061 (5.3) | 939 (5.1) | 80 (7.6) | 29 (8.6) | 13 (6.2) | |
| AIDS | 348 (1.7) | 313 (1.7) | 32 (3.0) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Lymphoma | 1,195 (6.0) | 1,088 (5.9) | 75 (7.1) | 16 (4.7) | 16 (7.6) | |
| Metastatic cancer | 3,684 (18.4) | 3,431 (18.6) | 189 (18.0) | 40 (11.9) | 24 (11.4) | |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 6,116 (30.5) | 5,737 (31.1) | 297 (28.2) | 56 (16.6) | 26 (12.4) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/CVD | 1,176 (5.9) | 1,070 (5.8) | 76 (7.2) | 18 (5.3) | 12 (5.7) | |
| Coagulopathy | 3,568 (17.8) | 2,673 (14.5) | 492 (46.8) | 235 (69.7) | 168 (80.0) | |
| Obesity | 6,220 (31.0) | 5,605 (30.4) | 425 (40.4) | 114 (33.8) | 76 (36.2) | |
| Weight loss | 3,736 (18.6) | 3,328 (18.0) | 300 (28.5) | 70 (20.8) | 38 (18.1) | |
| Fluid and electrolyte dis. | 9,045 (45.1) | 7,725 (41.9) | 916 (87.1) | 247 (73.3) | 157 (74.8) | |
| Blood loss anemia | 1,315 (6.6) | 1,141 (6.2) | 121 (11.5) | 33 (9.8) | 20 (9.5) | |
| Deficiency anemia | 8,416 (42.0) | 7,336 (39.8) | 794 (75.5) | 175 (51.9) | 111 (52.9) | |
| Alcohol abuse | 838 (4.2) | 737 (4.0) | 71 (6.7) | 19 (5.6) | 11 (5.2) | |
| Drug abuse | 1,000 (5.0) | 936 (5.1) | 53 (5.0) | 8 (2.4) | 3 (1.4) | |
| Psychoses | 1,225 (6.1) | 1,112 (6.0) | 91 (8.7) | 8 (2.4) | 14 (6.7) | |
| Depression | 4,381 (21.9) | 3,978 (21.6) | 304 (28.9) | 61 (18.1) | 38 (18.1) | |
| Ever admitted to the ICU | 2,861 (14.3) | 1,909 (10.3) | 465 (44.2) | 288 (85.5) | 199 (94.8) | |
| Ever mechanically ventilated | 1,044 (5.2) | 391 (2.1) | 259 (24.6) | 225 (66.8) | 169 (80.5) | |
| Hospital mortality | 942 (4.7) | 532 (2.9) | 240 (22.8) | 99 (29.4) | 71 (33.8) | |
| Disposition for survivors | ||||||
| Facility | 1,722 (9.0) | 1,476 (8.2) | 178 (21.9) | 35 (14.7) | 33 (23.7) | |
| Home | 17,381 (91.0) | 16,438 (91.8) | 634 (78.1) | 203 (85.3) | 106 (76.3) | |
Definition of abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; CVD = collagen vascular disease; dis. = disorder; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; SOFA = sequential organ failure assessment.
*
Inclusive of American Indian, Asian, multiple races, Pacific islander and other.