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. 2022 May 15;14(1):2073131. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2073131

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Circulating immune mediators in COVID-19 patients. (a) PCA plot illustrating the differences in serum cytokine and inflammatory mediator levels in COVID-19 patients with different levels of severity. (b) Heatmap illustrates the serum immune mediators that are significantly increased (red), significantly decreased (blue), or remain unchanged (green). (c) Levels of the cytokines that are significantly different in patients with severe COVID-19 that survive (labeled “Severe”), compared to those with severe COVID-19 that have a fatal outcome (labeled “Fatal”). Results are expressed as mean and standard deviation. Differences between groups are calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparison test (*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001, ****p < .0001).