Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) and the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) among adults with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2014).
| Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQs) | Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | P-valuea | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P-valuea | |
| N = 1,412 | N = 1,984 | N = 1,307 | N = 1,568 | N = 1,569 | N = 1,566 | |||
| Age, year | 59.70 (0.43) | 58.84 (0.42) | 58.89 (0.45) | 0.182 | 60.72 (0.39) | 59.77 (0.50) | 57.23 (0.45) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 619 (45.9) | 1,006 (50.8) | 663 (49.7) | 0.166 | 955 (66.2) | 813 (52.9) | 820 (53.0) | 0.111 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-hispanic white | 479 (55.5) | 732 (61.2) | 582 (69.6) | 513 (53.5) | 622 (64.8) | 658 (66.9) | ||
| Non-hispanic black | 453 (21.0) | 513 (15.6) | 318 (12.7) | 514 (22.7) | 396 (14.4) | 374 (12.6) | ||
| Mexican American | 246 (8.5) | 424 (10.6) | 232 (8.0) | 293 (9.1) | 305 (9.3) | 304 (9.2) | ||
| Others | 234 (15.0) | 315 (12.6) | 175 (9.7) | 248 (14.7) | 246 (11.5) | 230 (11.3) | ||
| Education level, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <11th grade | 660 (35.8) | 757 (27.5) | 352 (17.7) | 754 (37.8) | 588 (26.2) | 427 (18.4) | ||
| High school Grad/GAD or equivalent | 329 (25.5) | 479 (27.5) | 301 (24.0) | 370 (26.8) | 372 (26.2) | 367 (24.9) | ||
| College or above | 423 (38.7) | 748 (45.0) | 670 (58.3) | 444 (35.3) | 609 (47.7) | 772 (56.7) | ||
| Income, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Under $20,000 | 475 (26.9) | 549 (20.6) | 306 (16.5) | 556 (29.8) | 437 (20.6) | 337 (14.6) | ||
| $20,000–$75,000 | 711 (53.1) | 1,062 (55.7) | 692 (54.3) | 777 (52.7) | 840 (55.3) | 848 (55.3) | ||
| Over $75,000 | 217 (20.0) | 373 (23.7) | 309 (29.2) | 235 (17.5) | 292 (24.1) | 381 (30.1) | ||
| Smoking status, % | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 581 (41.4) | 912 (46.8) | 635 (48.7) | 726 (46.8) | 708 (45.7) | 694 (47.7) | ||
| Former smoker | 474 (32.2) | 673 (35.3) | 456 (38.0) | 476 (29.0) | 562 (36.5) | 562 (37.0) | ||
| Current smoker <15 cigarettes/day | 179 (13.6) | 186 (8.7) | 100 (6.7) | 185 (12.3) | 137 (8.4) | 143 (7.0) | ||
| Current smoker >15 cigarettes/day | 124 (12.8) | 142 (9.2) | 79 (6.6) | 120 (11.9) | 105 (9.4) | 120 (8.4) | ||
| Drinking currently, % | 808 (58.9) | 1,161 (61.4) | 818 (67.4) | 0.008 | 817 (53.6) | 902 (60.2) | 1,068 (71.6) | <0.001 |
| Exercise regularly, % | 186 (14.8) | 324 (18.5) | 250 (22.2) | 0.004 | 214 (15.7) | 257 (19.6) | 289 (20.2) | 0.005 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 32.49 (0.24) | 32.98 (0.27) | 33.25 (0.30) | 0.058 | 32.51 (0.22) | 33.01 (0.31) | 33.20 (0.31) | 0.060 |
| Total energy, kcal/day | 1359.31 (20.51) | 1,885.62 (22.10) | 2,384.44 (33.10) | <0.001 | 1,246.22 (13.79) | 1,765.42 (14.66) | 2,532.38 (25.51) | <0.001 |
| Dietary supplements use, % | 590 (43.4) | 997 (54.0) | 793 (63.3) | <0.001 | 698 (48.6) | 812 (53,5) | 870 (59.0) | 0.001 |
| Ever told you had | ||||||||
| Hypertension, % | 964 (67.1) | 1,291 (64.6) | 860 (64.3) | 0.652 | 1,102 (69.7) | 1,021 (63.6) | 992 (63.1) | 0.018 |
| Dyslipidemia,% | 780 (57.8) | 1,070 (56.1) | 745 (59.6) | 0.099 | 868 (56.3) | 860 (57.9) | 867 (58.5) | 0.263 |
| Heart diseases, % | 450 (31.2) | 511 (24.6) | 299 (21.4) | <0.001 | 483 (31.4) | 424 (25.7) | 353 (20.2) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, % | 196 (15.7) | 265 (14.7) | 196 (17.4) | 0.577 | 218 (15.2) | 225 (16.4) | 214 (15.8) | 0.397 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 303 (24.8) | 458 (25.6) | 294 (24.1) | 0.331 | 379 (27.4) | 325 (23.8) | 351 (24.0) | 0.121 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 11.29 (0.39) | 10.64 (0.27) | 10.07 (0.30) | 0.014 | 11.56 (0.35) | 10.52 (0.23) | 10.02 (0.28) | <0.001 |
| Glycohemoglobin, % | 7.23 (0.06) | 7.25 (0.05) | 7.15 (0.06) | 0.288 | 7.20 (0.05) | 7.17 (0.05) | 7.26 (0.06) | 0.319 |
Values are given as weighted mean (standard error) for continuous variables and number (weighted percentages) for categorical variables.
a
P-value was calculated by linear model for continuous variables and chi square test for categorical variables.