Table 2.
Association of the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) and the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2014).
| Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQs) | P-trenda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | ||
| All-cause mortality (case/n) | 329/1,412 | 376/1,984 | 208/1,307 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.61–0.90) | 0.60 (0.49–0.74) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) | 0.66 (0.54–0.82) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | 0.70 (0.53–0.92) | 0.003 |
| CVD mortality (case/n) | 77/1,412 | 95/1,984 | 43/1,307 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.49–1.14) | 0.48 (0.30–0.78) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.52–1.19) | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.016 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) | 0.56 (0.35–0.90) | 0.020 |
| Cancer mortality (case/n) | 66/1,412 | 69/1,984 | 38/1,307 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.50–1.17) | 0.69 (0.43–1.11) | 0.121 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 0.251 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.45–1.17) | 0.59 (0.33–1.04) | 0.062 |
| Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) | ||||
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||
| All-cause mortality (case/n) | 370/1,568 | 301/1,569 | 242/1,566 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.61 (0.52–0.73) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.73 (0.55–0.96) | 0.014 |
| CVD mortality (case/n) | 86/1,568 | 78/1,569 | 51/1,566 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 0.42 (0.26–0.68) | <0.0011 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 0.48 (0.30–0.78) | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) | 0.51 (0.31–0.82) | 0.005 |
| Cancer mortality (case/n) | 69/1,568 | 54/1,569 | 50/1,566 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | 0.53 (0.53–1.33) | 0.481 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.50–1.27) | 0.91 (0.56–1.48) | 0.738 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.73 (0.35–1.53) | 0.397 |
Model 1, adjusted for age, sex and race/ethnicity. Model 2, model 1 + body mass index, smoking status, drinking currently, education level, income level, exercise regularly. Model 3, model 2 + total energy intake, dietary supplements use, self-reported hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, cancer, family history of diabetes, medication use for diabetes (insulin/diabetic pills/none), duration of diabetes and hemoglobin A1c.
Calculated by using the median value for each DAQs or DAI category as a continuous variable.