Table 3.
Association of the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) or the Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) with all-cause mortality among adults with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2014), stratified by selected patients' characteristicsa.
| Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQs) | P-trend | P interactionb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–2 | 3–4 | 5–6 | |||
| Age | 0.002 | ||||
| ≤ 60 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 0.528 | |
| >60 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.57–0.89) | 0.60 (0.45–0.80) | 0.002 | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.004 | ||||
| Non-hispanic white | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) | 0.001 | |
| Non-white | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.79–1.43) | 0.95 (0.77–1.45) | 0.710 | |
| BMI | 0.067 | ||||
| <30 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.62–0.99) | 0.62 (0.43–0.90) | 0.015 | |
| ≥30 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.67–1.06) | 0.83 (0.62–1.13) | 0.211 | |
| Smoking status | 0.004 | ||||
| Never smoker | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | 0.88 (0.58–1.34) | 0.558 | |
| Ever smoker | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 0.66 (0.45–0.96) | 0.022 | |
| Drinking currently | 0.330 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) | 0.009 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.50–1.08) | 0.88 (0.60–1.29) | 0.660 | |
| Exercise regularly | 0.016 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.40–1.18) | 0.91 (0.36–1.75) | 0.263 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.67–1.03) | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.028 | |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.003 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) | 0.93 (0.73–1.45) | 0.621 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.65–0.94) | 0.60 (0.42–0.84) | 0.004 | |
| Comorbidity ‡ | 0.030 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.65–0.98) | 0.68 (0.55–0.86) | 0.001 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.37–1.24) | 0.78 (0.34–1.39) | 0.059 | |
| Dietary Antioxidant Index (DAI) | |||||
| Tertile | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |||
| Age | 0.005 | ||||
| ≤ 60 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.52–1.18) | 0.73 (0.48–1.11) | 0.139 | |
| >60 | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.71–0.99) | 0.65 (0.42–0.91) | 0.002 | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.100 | ||||
| Non-hispanic white | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | 0.60 (0.47–0.76) | <0.001 | |
| Non-white | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 0.95 (0.64–1.38) | 0.426 | |
| BMI | 0.063 | ||||
| <30 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) | 0.028 | |
| ≥30 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) | 0.85 (0.67–1.07) | 0.150 | |
| Smoking status | 0.040 | ||||
| Never smoker | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.53–1.05) | 0.96 (0.63–1.78) | 0.117 | |
| Ever smoker | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.59–0.94) | 0.59 (0.43–0.79) | 0.002 | |
| Drinking currently | 0.277 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.43–1.22) | 0.55 (0.30–0.97) | 0.025 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.52–1.04) | 1.17 (0.71–1.92) | 0.593 | |
| Exercise regularly | 0.458 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.34–1.23) | 0.79 (0.51–1.91) | 0.208 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.015 | |
| Family history of diabetes | 0.058 | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 0.641 | |
| No | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.66–0.97) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.011 | |
| Comorbidity ‡ | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.63–0.93) | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) | 0.009 | 0.014 |
| No | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.41–1.85) | 0.78 (0.39–1.54) | 0.407 | |
Model was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, drinking currently, exercise, education level, income level, total energy intake, dietary supplements use, self-reported hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, cancer, family history of diabetes, duration of diabetes and hemoglobin A1c, with exception of stratifying factors.
P for interaction was assessed from multivariable adjusted model by using the cross-product term between DAQs or DAI (continuous) and stratification factors (dichotomous).
Self-reported comorbidities including hypertension, heart diseases, dyslipidemia, or cancer.