Table 2. Baseline clinical parameters of COVID-19 patients who presented unfavorable outcomes (ventilation support need and death) and those who did not.
| No VS | VS | p value | Discharge | Death | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 106) | (n = 12) | (n = 96) | (n = 23) | |||
| Mean ± SD or % | Mean ± SD or % | Mean ± SD or % | Mean ± SD or % | |||
| HOSPITALIZATION GENERALITIES | ||||||
| Onset of symptoms (days) | 4.4 ± 3.8 | 5.0 ± 2.7 | ns | 4.6±3.8 | 2.3±1.0 | ns |
| Lenght of hospital stay (days) | 12.8 ± 11.9 | 21.7 ± 13.4 | 0.06 | 13.4 ± 12.7 | 14.4 ± 10.5 | ns |
| Oxygen therapy (%) | 17.9 | 25.0 | ns | 15.3 | 30.4 | ns |
| Antibiotic therapy (%) | 24.5 | 25.0 | ns | 20.8 | 39.1 | 0.06 |
| Remdesivir therapy (%) | 38.9 | 58.3 | ns | 44.4 | 27.3 | ns |
| Dexamethasone therapy (%) | 38.9 | 71.4 | ns | 71.0 | 66.6 | ns |
| Heparin therapy (%) | 94.8 | 87.5 | ns | 94.2 | 95.2 | ns |
| CLINICAL PARAMETERS AT ADMISSION | ||||||
| BMI (Kg/m 2 ) | 24.9 ± 5.2 | 26.9 ± 8.7 | ns | 25.8 ± 4.8 | 22.7 ± 7.2 | 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.4 ± 23.4 | 135.0 ± 14.9 | ns | 132.5 ± 20.4 | 124.9 ± 16.6 | ns |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.6 ± 11.4 | 71.9 ± 13.4 | ns | 73.7 ± 11.2 | 69.6 ± 12.3 | ns |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 80.7 ± 14.4 | 88.9 ± 12.7 | ns | 80.2 ± 15.0 | 85.3 ± 11.8 | ns |
| PaO 2 /FiO 2 | 331.7±97.5 | 275.8±65.8 | 0.08 | 344.4 ± 95.4 | 272.7 ± 77.5 | 0.009 |
| BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AT ADMISSION | ||||||
| Hb (g/dL) | 12.2 ± 2.4 | 12.0 ± 2.6 | ns | 12.4 ± 2.5 | 11.2 ± 2.0 | 0.05 |
| Platelets (x10^9/L) | 250.4 ± 160.9 | 200.1 ± 107.5 | ns | 255.5 ± 160.7 | 212.9 ± 131.0 | ns |
| WBCs (x10^9/L) | 10.6 ± 14.7 | 12.4 ± 7.2 | ns | 9.64 ± 15.01 | 14.3 ± 8.9 | 0.001 |
| Neutrophils (x10^9/L) | 6.9±5.9 | 10±6 | 0.1 | 5.6 ± 3.8 | 12.4 ± 8.1 | 0.0001 |
| Lymphocytes (x10^9/L) | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | ns | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.08 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL) | 1584.9 ± 1575.4 | 29464 ± 64757 | ns | 5342.5 ± 24745 | 3328.8 ± 2549.9 | ns |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 68.0 ± 66.0 | 67.0 ± 56.4 | ns | 61.4 ± 62.9 | 83.4 ± 67.1 | ns |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 1.0 ± 2.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | ns | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 1.1 ± 1.8 | ns |
| LDH (UI/L) | 390.4 ± 394.5 | 404.8 ± 184.06 | ns | 307.7 ± 129.3 | 626.0 ± 642.1 | ns |
| AST (UI/L) | 99.2 ± 213.6 | 36.2 ± 18.5 | ns | 53.7 ± 61.9 | 213.4 ± 365.0 | ns |
| ALT (UI/L) | 50.0 ± 71.4 | 33.1 ± 26.6 | ns | 46.6 ± 65.7 | 56.8 ± 74.9 | ns |
| CK (UI/L) | 204.1 ± 460.9 | 182.9 ± 204.3 | ns | 430.3 ± 841.1 | 128.8 ± 130.9 | ns |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.28 ± 1.11 | 0.95 ± 0.40 | ns | 1.18 ± 1.11 | 1.44 ± 0.94 | ns |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 62.1 ± 53.0 | 43.6 ± 15.8 | ns | 48.2 ± 41.2 | 92.0 ± 61.0 | 0.0001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.1 ± 6.6 | 136.2 ± 3.9 | ns | 138.6 ± 4.3 | 139.6 ± 10.7 | ns |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | ns | 4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 0.08 |
| Chlorides (mmol/L) | 103.9 ± 6.5 | 101.1 ± 3.9 | ns | 103.5 ± 4.6 | 104 ± 10 | ns |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.5 ± 0.7 | 8.8 ± 1 | ns | 8.5 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 1 | ns |
| Albumin (g/L) | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | ns | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.6 | 0.0002 |
| Total proteins (g/L) | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | 0.02 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 0.003 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | ns | 5.1 ± 2.1 | 6.8 ± 3.4 | 0.01 |
| 25(OH) Vit D (ng/mL) | 17.9 ± 13.8 | 15.7 ± 8.6 | ns | 19.4 ± 14.0 | 11.7 ± 8.2 | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 145.2±62.7 | 203.3±91.9 | 0.04 | 141.8 ± 61.1 | 195.5 ± 80.6 | 0.006 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 859.7±1130 | 2514.5±3140 | 0.02 | 832.0 ± 1200.8 | 1854.8 ± 2282.5 | 0.005 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 182.9 ± 321.8 | 198.1 ± 362.9 | ns | 128.5 ± 190.0 | 382.6 ± 561.2 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 43.8 ± 12.6 | 42.5 ± 7.9 | ns | 43.0 ± 12.1 | 45.7 ± 12.5 | ns |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 7.4 ± 5.1 | 59.1±95.2 | 0.02 | 23.3 ± 27.3 | 49.4 ± 69.7 | 0.05 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 15.0 ± 13.9 | 31.9 ± 33.1 | ns | 15.5 ± 16.1 | 28.5 ± 26.5 | ns |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CK, creatin kinase; Hb, hemoglobin; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; IL-6, interleukine-6; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MCV, mean corpuscolar volume; ns, not significant; NT-proBNP, N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain-type natriuretic peptide; RBCs, red blood cells; SD, standard deviation; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VS, ventilation support; WBCs, white blood cells.