Table 1.
Summary of aetiology-oriented laboratory studies
| Blood and serum | |
| Anti-ds-DNA | Negative |
| ANA screening | Negative |
| Anti-MPO and anti-PR3 | Negative |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme | 41 U/L (normal ≤ 51 U/L) |
| Anti-AQ4 | Negative |
| Anti-contactin 1 | Negative |
| Anti-gangliosides (GD1a, GD1b, GM1, GQ1b) | Negative |
| Anti-MAG | Negative |
| Anti-MOG | Negative |
| Anti-neurofascin 140, 155, 186 | Negative |
| Anti-sulfatides | Negative |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | 10 mm/h |
| Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1-RBD Ig) | 863.0 U/mL |
| HIV 1/2 | Negative |
| HSV 1 and 2 | IgM and IgG negative |
| VZV | IgM negative; IgG positive |
| CMV | IgM negative; IgG positive |
| EBV | IgM negative; IgG positive |
| HAV | IgM and IgG negative |
| anti-HBs | Positive |
| Anti-HCV | Negative |
| HEV | IgM and IgG negative |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | IgM and IgG negative |
| Interferon-gamma release assay | Negative |
| Treponema pallidum | Non-reactive |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | |
| Cells | 0,8 cells (Normal < 5 cells) |
| Proteins | 247.1 mg/dL (Normal < 45 mg/dL) |
| Glucose | 68 mg/dL |
| Oligoclonal bands (OCB) | Absent |
| Cultures (bacterial) | Negative |
| Treponema pallidum (VDRL) | Non-reactive |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Negative |
| Neurotropic viruses PCR array* | Negative |
ANA antinuclear antibodies, AQP4 Aquaporin-4, CMV cytomegalovirus, EBV Epstein–Barr virus, HAV Hepatitis A virus, HBs Hepatitis B surface antigen, HCV Hepatitis C virus, HEV Hepatitis E virus, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HSV herpes simplex virus, MAG myelin associated glycoprotein, MOG myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, PCR polymerase chain reaction, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, VZV varicella zoster virus
*HSV1, HSV2, CMV, EBV, HHV6, HHV7, VZV, adenovirus, enterovirus and parechovirus