Table 2.

Evidence for carbohydrate-restricted diet regimens in the lifestyle disorders (using only data from human interventional studies).

Diet regimen	Definition	Evidence in lifestyle disorders (Using only data from human interventional studies)
Low-carbohydrate diet (LCD)	Limits digestible carbohydrate intake to 50-100 g daily	Reduces fasting blood insulin levels by 20-40% Reduces insulin resistance Induces 8-9% weight loss over 1-2 years Lowers triglycerides, increases HDL, and increases LDL particle size Reduces liver fat in NAFLD Decreases hypertension
Ketogenic diet (KD)	Limits digestible carbohydrate intake to below 50 g daily	Reduces fasting blood insulin levels by 20-40% Reduces or resolves insulin resistance, including type 2 diabetes Induces 10% weight loss over 1-2 years Lowers triglycerides, increases HDL, and increases LDL particle size Substantially reduces liver fat in NAFLD Decreases hypertension Suppresses inflammation Lowers predicted risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events Improves quality of life in cancer Improves cognition, daily function, and quality of life in AD Improves multiple nonmotor symptoms in PD